文蛤稚贝室内水泥池中间育成技术

利用16个底面积为25m^2的水泥池，中间育成大，中，小三种规格文蛤稚贝共计15718.14万枚；密度分别为12.42万枚/m^2,38.77万枚/m^2和50.36万枚/m^2。从2001年4月7日-7月2日经过86d的室内中间育成，总平均成活率84.11%。其中。大苗平均成活率为99.20%，平均体重增加了5.64倍；中苗平均成活率为88.36%。平均体重增加了3.74倍，小苗平均成活率69.70%。平均体重增加了2.34倍。     

Modelling the contact probability and size-selectivity of toothed dredges

ABSTRACT:   To estimate fishing gear selectivity of clam dredges from data of paired-gear tests in the SELECT analysis process, this paper presents a statistical model of the probability of a clam coming into contact with the dredge teeth and size-selectivity of the control gear. The net-mouth available selectivity is defined as the product of the probability of a clam contacting the dredge teeth and size-selectivity induced by tooth spacing. The model based on the SELECT analysis was tested by using data generated by virtual paired-gear test in which the control dredge of the smallest tooth spacing is assumed to be size-selective. No clear difference in shell length distribution between dredges of different tooth spacings was found in the simulation when the contact probability was small. The plots of proportion of clams caught in the test dredge to the total catch number of clams were U-shaped, and the model fitted the data well. For each simulation consisting of 500 replications, the sample mean and mean square error of each parameter were obtained to evaluate the performance of estimation by comparing with the true value. Parameters were properly estimated with the model.     

Influence of Congeneric Aquaculture on Hard Clam (Mercenaria spp.) Population Genetic Structure

Throughout their range, hard clams of the genus Mercenaria support important commercial fisheries, and hard clam aquaculture is rapidly developing in several regions, including Florida, USA. Commercial hard clam aquaculture in Florida waters originated in the Indian River Lagoon during the late 1970s, but by the early 1990s the focus of the industry had shifted to Cedar Key on the west coast of the state. There, the species Mercenaria campechiensis predominates the natural hard clam population, whereas Mercenaria mercenaria is predominant in the local aquaculture industry. The two species hybridize extensively. The present study was conducted to estimate the genetic implications of M. mercenaria aquaculture on the natural population of M. campechiensis that occupies Cedar Key waters. We sampled a variety of marine and estuarine habitats surrounding Cedar Key and collected 257 hard clams for analysis of species-specific diagnostic allozyme loci, age, and the presence and stage of gonadal neoplasia. Results indicate that the composition of the hard clam population has changed since the advent of aquaculture (i.e., post-aquaculture). Members of the species M. mercenaria were practically nonexistent prior to the 1993 initiation of aquaculture in the area but increased significantly in abundance post-aquaculture, as did hybrid hard clams. There was no significant difference in the abundance of M. campechiensis pre- versus post-aquaculture. All genotype classes had a high incidence (>80%) of gonadal neoplasia, although it is not clear if this high incidence is a reflection of the introduction of aquaculture into the area or if neoplasia was a common feature of the population prior to 1993. Regardless, this finding is not consistent with previous reports that neoplasia is more common in hybrid hard clams. Overall, the results of this study provide clear evidence that culture of M. mercenaria can influence the genotype composition of naturally occurring congeneric populations in the vicinity of the culture operation. The long-term implications of that influence remain to be seen.     

文蛤病原菌(溶藻弧菌)的分离与性状及病文蛤组织的电镜观察

近年来,江苏南部沿海在8～10月份常发生文蛤大批死亡,从病文蛤体内分离到病原菌,经人工感染试验得到证实。病原菌为革兰氏阴性短杆菌,以极生单鞭毛运动,在TCBS琼脂平板上形成黄色大菌落,在固体培养基上能游动。发酵葡萄糖产酸不产气,精氨酸—碱反应阴性,赖氨酸、鸟氨酸脱羧阳性。在无盐蛋白胨水中不能生长,在10％NaCl 蛋白胨水中生长良好。在43℃下能正常繁殖。对弧菌抑制剂0/129(150μg)和新生霉素(5μg)敏感,被鉴定为溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus Sakazaki)。病文蛤超薄切片的电镜观察表明,肠上皮及肝组织被细菌侵袭。病原菌在肠上皮细胞质中增生,形成上百个细菌的集群。上皮细胞核变形,被挤向一侧,线粒体内嵴模糊,部分上皮细胞微绒毛的结构被严重破坏,细菌周围的组织被腐蚀成空斑。     

Adding value to live, commercial size soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria L.) in Maine, USA: results from repeated, small-scale, field impoundment trials

The soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria L.) fishery in the state of Maine, USA, is worth $5–10 million annually and is primarily based on the sale of live individuals. More than 80% of the catch is sold for the “steamer clam” market that is highly seasonal due to supply and demand. Prices paid to harvesters for live clams throughout the year increases by as much as 70% during a 4-month period between early spring and late summer. If clams harvested in the spring could be held until late summer, a value-added product could be developed in this fishery. From April to August 1996, at an intertidal and subtidal location in eastern Maine, I tested whether it was biologically feasible to impound commercially harvested clams (shell LENGTH=44–75 mm) at densities between 720 and 850/m² using cages and nets (1.12 m²) to protect animals from predators. Survival was 91.7% (n=12) and 91.6% (n=6) at the intertidal and subtidal site, respectively. There was no discernible shell growth during this period and there was no difference between initial and final clam weights. The methodology was transferred to commercial harvesters in two Maine communities: Wiscasset (1997 and 1998) and Perry (2000). Impounded clams ( =21.8 kg/cage; n=18) lost, on average, 5 kg/cage in 1997 and 1998, whereas no significant net loss in wet weight occurred in cages deployed in 2000 ( =23.2 kg/cage; n=3). Differing harvesting and handling methods of individual clammers, prior to impounding clams, likely explains the variation in weight lost during the impounding periods. The difference in price per live kilogram between the beginning of the impounding period and the August sale date resulted in an average gain of $13.60/cage for clammers in 1997 and 1998 and $57.73/cage in 2000. Simple culture techniques can be used to increase the value of the live harvest of soft-shell clams along the coast of Maine. Clam impoundments may be a way for communities that co-manage the public clam resource with the state's marine resource agency to generate funds to pay for traditional management schemes, as well as enhancement programs that employ hatchery-reared juveniles. In addition, an indirect benefit of clam impoundments might be to create spawner sanctuaries since animals are impounded during the time when gamete release occurs.     

Evaluation of microalgae and industrial cheese whey as diets for Tapes decussatus (L.) seed: effects on water quality, growth, survival, condition and filtration rate

As reference diets for bivalve molluscs are missing, this study first evaluated the best mixed algal diet (Tetraselmis suecica Butch/Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin) concentration for 4‐mm‐length Tapes decussatus (L.) clams. It also assessed the performance of an industrial by‐product (cheese whey) as a single diet or supplement for the best algal ration previously determined. Growth, survival, condition index and filtration rate were used to compare the different diets. Implications of rations tested on rearing water quality were also investigated, especially ammonium and heterotrophic bacteria levels. With a food concentration as algal dry weight per total seed live weight of 0.7% day^?1, seed for grow‐out (7 mm) could be obtained within 1 month. A mixture of 25% algal ration and 75% cheese whey gave the best performances. Artificial diets resulted in lower growth rates than live food (20 % to 40% of the best algal ration), but could be considered good maintenance rations in energetic terms. Using cheese whey, and without any algae, hatchery produced seed can be kept economically indoors for at least 30 days without loss in condition.     

文蛤真空软包装食品加工技术的研究

从活体文蛤生物学特性入手，对其肥满度及一般化学组成进行了分析；研究了活体文蛤的净化条件和方法；确定了文蛤真空软包装条件和灭菌工艺；提出了一整套适合文蛤真空软包装生产的技术工艺。产品成品申96％以上，常温保藏6个月以上。     

文蛤养殖环境底质硫化物和水体COD的关系

以文蛤密度为主要生态因子进行室内实验,研究硫化物和COD的变化特点及其两者之间的依存关系。文蛤密度梯度设置为:0粒/m2、50粒/m2、100粒/m2、200粒/m2、400粒/m2、800粒/m2,分别设定为:对照组、1组、2组、3组、4组、5组。结果表明:随文蛤密度加大,硫化物量值和COD量值产生幅度加大,溶解氧的消耗急剧增加,水质的恶化愈提前,这表明文蛤密度是水质恶化的原因之一。硫化物量值和COD量值变化的波动性亦随文蛤密度的加大而加大。各实验组中,硫化物量值和COD量值具显著正相关,硫化物量值变化与COD量值变化相匹配,并且硫化物高值与COD高值的出现基本吻合,并稍微滞后。     

双齿围沙蚕亲体培育技术试验

把平均体重为１．７ｇ的双齿围沙蚕经淘洗、除杂、装箱、低温运输５小时，成活率达１００％。采取升温促熟，分别投喂单胞藻、配饵等，经６０天左右的培养，投喂单胞藻组成活率达９９％，有２５０条沙蚕成熟变态成异沙蚕相，产卵 １００ × １０４粒。     

Larval and post‐larval growth,spat production and off‐bottom cultivation of the smooth venus clam Chionista fluctifraga

Harvesting practices of the clam Chionista fluctifraga show a decline in commercial size and densities, but no strategies have been developed to maintain clam beds. Aquaculture represents an alternative for preserving this resource. Adult clams from commercial grounds were used as broodstock. Conditioning, induction of spawning, cultivation of larvae, settlement of eyed larvae and nursing of postlarvae were performed in the hatchery for producing spat. Larvae and postlarvae were used to measure increase in shell height and data were fitted to exponential growth models. Spat were placed in floating trays and maintained in off‐bottom cultivation for 9 months. Samples of clams and tissues were collected monthly to measure absolute growth, shell height increase and a condition index. Larvae, postlarvae and juveniles showed exponential growth patterns. Mean shell height increased about 0.030 mm day^?1 during larval and post‐larval stages and 0.049 mm day^?1 during field cultivation. Pediveligers (height 215 ± 83 μm) entered metamorphosis at days 9–13 after fertilization, and postlarvae reached 3011.7 ± 325.5 μm (height) at day 60. After field cultivation, survival was about 95%; juvenile shell height was 20.6 ± 2.2 mm, and total weight was 5.3 ± 0.7 g. Growth rates were superior to natural conditions and the condition index was high throughout the study. Our results show that spat of C. fluctifraga can be produced in the hatchery, and that field production can be maintained in off‐bottom trays until reaching commercial size. Aquaculture activities for this species need to be established and evaluated.