陕南低山丘陵区水土流失规律及与森林的关系

对陕南低山丘陵区水土流失状况的调查和径流观测表明，低山丘陵区是陕西省长江流域水上流失最为严重的地带，坡耕地又是水土流失的主要来源，２５°以上的坡耕地年土壤侵蚀量可达３万吨／ｋｍ２以上，土壤侵蚀的绝对临界坡度为５．５５７°，许可临界坡度为１８°，速增点为２２°，速增区间为１９°～２４．７５°；森林植被的覆盖是防止水土流失的根本措施。     

Fasting Urinary Calcium‐to‐Creatinine and Oxalate‐to‐Creatinine Ratios in Dogs with Calcium Oxalate Urolithiasis and Breed‐Matched Controls

Background

Hypercalciuria and hyperoxaluria are risk factors for calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis, but breed‐specific reports of urinary metabolites and their relationship with stone status are lacking.

Objective

To compare urinary metabolites (calcium and oxalate) and blood ionized calcium (iCa) concentrations between CaOx stone formers and breed‐matched stone‐free controls for the Miniature Schnauzer, Bichon Frise, and Shih Tzu breeds.

Animals

Forty‐seven Miniature Schnauzers (23 cases and 24 controls), 27 Bichons Frise (14 cases and 13 controls), and 15 Shih Tzus (7 cases and 8 controls).

Methods

Prospective study. Fasting spot urinary calcium‐to‐creatinine and oxalate‐to‐creatinine ratios (UCa/Cr and UOx/Cr, respectively) and blood iCa concentrations were measured and compared between cases and controls within and across breeds. Regression models were used to test the effect of patient and environmental factors on these variables.

Results

UCa/Cr was higher in cases than controls for each of the 3 breeds. In addition to stone status, being on a therapeutic food designed to prevent CaOx stone recurrence was associated with higher UCa/Cr. UOx/Cr did not differ between cases and controls for any of the breeds. Blood iCa was higher in cases than controls in the Miniature Schnauzer and Bichon Frise breeds and had a moderate correlation with UCa/Cr.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Hypercalciuria is associated with CaOx stone status in the Miniature Schnauzer, Bichon Frise, and Shih Tzu breeds. UOx/Cr did not correlate with stone status in these 3 breeds. These findings may influence breed‐specific stone prevention recommendations.     

（覆膜）滴灌技术的应用及其对土壤水盐运移、根系分布的影响研究

通过查阅大量文献资料,综述了滴灌与覆膜滴灌技术在国内外的应用情况,结合野外试验分析与探讨了（覆膜）滴灌条件下的土壤水盐运移特征、（覆膜）滴灌对植物根系的影响,最后针对塔里木河下游极端干旱区滴灌防护林种植中节水、压盐灌溉技术的难点及需要解决的问题提出了展望,认为为提高极端干旱区防护林成活率等,可以将覆膜技术与滴灌技术相结合用于l～3年的防护林种植中：该研究希望能为干旱、半干旱区绿洲的可持续发展提供理论依据.     

短蛸繁殖行为及胚胎发育过程东海火枪乌贼角质颚的形态特征

根据2010年9月及2011年5月东海渔业资源底拖网调查资料,测定了火枪乌贼(Loligo beka)的胴长、角质颚形态指标等参数,阐述了火枪乌贼角质颚的形态特征及其长度的相对稳定性指标。结果表明,火枪乌贼角质颚的喙长(RL)、头盖长(HL)、脊突长(CL)、翼长(WL)、翼宽(WW)等长度上、下颚差异较大,其中,上、下颚HL相对于RL均存在着等速生长现象(P>0.05);CL相对于RL均存在着显著的异速生长现象(P<0.05);而WL、WW相对于RL则呈现极显著的异速生长现象(P<0.001)。上、下颚各长度指标均受生长的影响,均随胴长的增长呈极显著的线性增长趋势。RL/HL、RL/CL、HL/CL的比值非常稳定,不随胴长、体质量的变化而显著变化,可作为火枪乌贼角质颚形态特征的稳定性指标。     

德国下萨克森州沼气工程考察报告

为提高大中型沼气工程建设、管理及技术水平,赴德国下萨克森州考察沼气工程工艺、建设技术、运营管理、沼气能源化利用途径、沼气发酵残留物综合利用、沼气相关政策等情况。先后与德国下萨克森州农业部及相关科研机构、银行及培训机构代表进行了交流洽谈,并实地考察了Hardegsen沼气工程。通过交流与实地考察,对下萨克森州乃至德国沼气工程有了更加充分的了解,可为安徽及我国其他省份沼气工程发展提供借鉴。     

汉江下游水体和鱼体多环芳烃分布特征及健康风险

研究汉江下游水体及鱼体多环芳烃(PAHs)含量,进行健康风险评价,为汉江下游PAHs污染防治提供基础资料。在汉江下游8个代表性水厂取水口采集水样及在相应江段渔获物中选取7种典型鱼,利用气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC-MS)测定水样及鱼肌肉中16种优控多环芳烃的含量,并用美国环保局(USEPA)推荐的健康风险评价模型进行健康风险评价。8个采样断面水体中Nap、Ace、Phe、An、Ba A、Bk F检出率为100%,Bb F、In D等均未检出,其他多环芳烃检出率分别为Fle 50%、Acy 25%、Flu 62.5%、Pyr 25%、Chr 25%、Ba P 75%、Dah A 12.5%、Bghi P25%。汉江下游水体中16种PAHs总含量平均值为100.67 ng/L,最小值为65.8 ng/L,最大值为155.94 ng/L。结构组成主要以低环为主(70.4%),中环其次(22.2%),高环最低(7.4%)。7种鱼体内16种优控PAHs的含量范围为(43.42±0.50)~(113.06±3.57)ng/g,平均组成低环、中环、高环PAHs分别占总PAHs的57.9%、20.2%、21.9%。高环在鱼体内比例显著高于在水体中,表明高环PAHs在鱼体内的富集能力更强。饮用水健康风险估算总量为2.25×10~(-8)~5.32×10~(-8)/a,总体水平为风险不明显;7种鱼食用的PAHs健康风险估算范围为8.00×10~(-7)~2.08×10~(-6)/a,总体评价为可接受水平,均低于国际辐射防护委员会推荐的最大可接受风险水平5.0×10~(-5)/a,部分鱼食用的人体健康风险值高于USEPA建议的可接受风险1.0×10~(-6)/a。     

石羊河下游绵刺群落结构和物种多样性特征

在对石羊河下游绵刺群落野外实地调查的基础上,对群落结构和物种多样性特征进行了分析。结果表明:石羊河下游绵刺群落由10科27属30种植物组成,单科单属种占绵刺群落植物种类的50%,科属组成分散,植物种类单一。灌木的密度和盖度明显大于多年生草本和1年生草本。群落密度山间谷地最大,沙砾质荒漠最小;群落盖度沙砾质荒漠和山间谷地相差不大,山前洪积扇地最小。绵刺为群落优势种,在沙砾质荒漠上密度和盖度最大,在山前洪积扇地密度和盖度最小。绵刺群落在山前洪积扇地和山间谷地物种比沙砾质荒漠相对较丰富。从物种多样性特征来看,绵刺群落在山间谷地上分布的绵刺群落相对稳定,在山前洪积扇地和沙砾质荒漠的分布稳定性较差。     

Development and population growth of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stephanitis pyri</Emphasis> (F.) (Heteroptera: Tingidae) at five temperatures

Pear lace bug, Stephanitis pyri (F.) (Heteroptera: Tingidae) is a pest of apple and pear trees and ornamental Rosaceae plants in Mediterranean countries and palearctic region. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of temperatures on S. pyri in the laboratory. Development and fecundity of S. pyri reared on apple leaves (Pyrus malus L.) were investigated at five constant temperatures (20, 23, 26, 29 and 32 ± 1°C) and a 16L:8D photoperiod. Longevity was determined to be 12.6 days at 32°C and 58.7 days at 20°C for females, and 9.7 and 37.7 days for males. Females laid 186.9 eggs per female with the highest number achieved during 28.5 days of oviposition period at 26°C. Female lifetime fecundity was reduced at 32°C (40.0 eggs per female). While the net reproductive rate (R ₀) was highest at 26°C, the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r _m ) was highest at both 26 and 32°C. The mean generation time (G) was estimated to be 27.2–78.4 days at 20 and 32°C, respectively. The longest development times for egg and total nymph stages were obtained as 22.0 and 24.9 days, respectively, at 20°C. S. pyri developed fastest from egg to egg in 24.3 days at 32°C. The lower developmental threshold (T ₀) was 9.7°C and the thermal constant (K) was 517.3 degree-days for S. pyri. Thus, S. pyri is calculated to have 3.8 theoretical generations in Tekirdag. The optimum developmental temperature for S. pyri was 26°C.     

烤烟下部烟叶在烘烤过程中叶绿素的降解研究

[目的]研究下部烟叶叶绿素在烘烤过程中的变化趋势。[方法]叶绿素色素与类胡萝卜素用80%丙酮研磨法提取,其含量用分光光度法测定,研究下部烟叶叶绿素在烘烤过程中的降解。[结果]下部鲜烟叶叶片的叶绿素含量最高的是云203,其次为PVH19,含量最低的是云97;类胡萝卜素含量最高的是PVH19,含量最低的是中烟100。变黄期末,叶片及烟筋叶绿素相对降解量占到80.0%~95.0%以上;叶片类胡萝卜素的相对降解量占5.5%~60.0%;烟筋类胡萝卜素相对降解量偏高,占5.5%~79.0%。凋萎期末,叶片及烟筋叶绿素相对降解量占88.0%~98.0%;叶片类胡萝卜素的相对降解量占9.0%~68.0%;烟筋类胡萝卜素相对降解量偏高,占12.0%~88.0%。[结论]6个品种烤烟鲜烟叶叶片的叶绿素含量及不同品种不同部位的叶片叶绿素含量存在一定的差异。