Growth parameters of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and red seaweed Gracilaria corticata in integrated culturing method under zero water exchange system

Growth parameters of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and red seaweed Gracilaria corticata were measured using integrated culturing method under zero‐water exchange system in a 45‐day period. A 2 × 3 factorial design was used with two levels of shrimp stocking densities and three levels of seaweed weight densities. G. corticata was cultured on a net tied to a round polyethylene frame. Culture tanks were filled with 750‐L filtered seawater. A 40‐W compact fluorescent lamp was hung over each tank to provide adequate and sufficient light for seaweed growth. Growth parameters of shrimp and seaweed such as specific growth rate (SGR), weight gained (WG) and average daily growth (ADG) were computed based on the initial and final weight of shrimp and seaweed. The maximum and minimum SGR of L. vannamei (1.97 and 1.69%/day) were observed in treatment S₁A₃ (25 shrimp/m² and 400 g seaweed/m²) and S₂A₁ (50 shrimp/m² without seaweed) respectively. The best survival rate (94.67 ± 1.33%), WG (129.9 ± 2.9%) and feed conversion ratio (1.67 ± 0.04) were also observed in treatment S₁A₃. The SGR of G.corticata in the treatment S₁A₃ (1.97 ± 0.00%/day) was significantly higher, compared to others. Strong positive correlations were obtained between the density of G. corticata and the growth parameters of L. vannamei. The red seaweed G. corticata could boost the growth parameters, survival rate and total production of L. vannamei under zero‐water exchange system.     

Hg2+和Pb2+胁迫对脆江蓠生长及光合生理的影响

采用实验生态学方法研究了不同质量浓度Hg~(2+)和Pb~(2+)胁迫对脆江蓠(Gracilaria chouae)生长及光合生理的影响。实验设置Hg~(2+)质量浓度为0.01 mg/L、0.025 mg/L、0.05 mg/L、0.1 mg/L、0.25 mg/L和0.5 mg/L,Pb~(2+)质量浓度为0.05 mg/L、0.1 mg/L、0.5 mg/L、1 mg/L、2 mg/L和4 mg/L,以未添加重金属的实验组为对照,持续培养7 d,分别测定不同处理藻体的生长速率、光合放氧速率、光合色素含量、叶绿素荧光和光合碳代谢途径中关键酶活等生理生化指标。结果表明,在Hg~(2+)胁迫下,藻体特定生长率(SGR)显著下降(P0.05),质量浓度达到0.5 mg/L时藻体出现负增长;光合放氧速率降低35.48%~77.59%;叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素含量显著下降(P0.05),Hg~(2+)质量浓度高于0.1 mg/L时藻体藻蓝蛋白和藻红蛋白含量显著降低(P0.05);最大光合效率(F_v/F_m)和实际光合效率(Y(Ⅱ))随着Hg~(2+)浓度增加先降低后升高,0.05 mg/L时出现第二个峰值,丙酮酸磷酸双激酶(PPDK)也出现相似趋势。藻体对Pb~(2+)的敏感程度低于Hg~(2+),Pb~(2+)质量浓度为0.5 mg/L时,光合产氧速率显著下降(P0.05),质量浓度到达1 mg/L时,藻体SGR和叶绿素a、类胡萝卜素出现显著下降(P0.05),而叶绿素荧光参数和藻蓝蛋白含量则无显著性差异;Pb~(2+)质量浓度达到4 mg/L时1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(RuBiSCO)出现显著下降(P0.05),PPDK酶活性则显著上升(P0.05)。实验结果证实:重金属Hg~(2+)和Pb~(2+)胁迫对脆江蓠的生长和光合作用都有不利影响,藻体对Hg~(2+)胁迫的敏感度要高于Pb~(2+),Hg~(2+)质量浓度为0.01 mg/L时,藻体出现胁迫,并随着浓度的增加而加剧,Pb~(2+)质量浓度超过1 mg/L时,藻体胁迫明显。     

The effect of fresh seaweed and a formulated diet supplemented with seaweed on the growth and gonad quality of the collector sea urchin,Tripneustes gratilla,under farm conditions

This gonad enhancement study investigates the effect of different fresh and formulated feeds and feeding regimes on the growth and gonad quality of wild‐collected adult sea urchin, Tripneustes gratilla, under farm conditions for over 18 weeks. In the first 12 weeks (phase 1), urchins were fed fresh Ulva rigida (U); a 50:50 mixture of fresh U. rigida and Gracilaria gracilis (UG); fresh G. gracilis (G) and a formulated diet 20U (containing 20% U. rigida), and in the final 6 weeks (phase 2) of the study, diet was changed to a formulated feed (20U diet). By the end of phase 1, urchins fed the 20U diet produced gonads (50.72 ± 5.4 g) that were significantly heavier (p < .001) than the gonads of urchins fed the fresh seaweed diets (U, UG & G). By the end of phase 2, gonad weight of urchins in treatment groups UG‐20U and G‐20U were similar to those fed the 20U‐20U diet. Gonad colour of urchins in the G‐20U treatment became significantly lighter (ANOVA, p = .029) and poorer quality, compared with urchins in the U‐20U group. This gonad enhancement study, conducted on wild‐collected adult T. gratilla, has shown that a formulated feed (20U diet) can enhance gonad growth and produce commercially acceptable gonads. This farm‐based study supports previous findings from aquarium‐based studies by our group and indicates that short‐term sea urchin gonad enhancement can be carried out under farm conditions in South Africa.     

菊花心江蓠(Gracilaria lichevoides)营养成分分析及评价

利用氨基酸分析仪、气相色谱和电感耦合等离子体发射光谱技术分析菊花心江蓠(Gracilaria lichevoides)的氨基酸、脂肪酸、矿物质等主要营养成分及构成比例。结果表明,菊花心江蓠中的主要成分是粗纤维和粗蛋白质,分别占藻体的5.4%和13.8%;含有18种氨基酸,氨基酸总量(TAA)为13.5%,必需氨基酸(EAA)占总氨基酸(TAA)的35.5%;从菊花心江蓠中分析出4种脂肪酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的59.7%,特别是16碳和18碳脂肪酸比较丰富;矿物质含量丰富,尤其是Ca、Mg、K、P、Na、Fe等。因此,菊花心江蓠可作为人类和动物一种高膳食纤维、高蛋白、低脂肪,富含矿物质元素的天然理想食源。     

脆江蓠池塘栽培技术

研究了南方藻种脆江蓠移植北方后进行的池塘栽培试验,试验设置了5种不同的脆江蓠池塘栽培模式,重点观测了池塘水温、盐度、pH和光照强度对脆江蓠生长的影响。结果表明,池塘水温的变化和光照强度的强弱对脆江蓠生长影响明显,本试验条件下的盐度和pH变化对脆江蓠生长影响较小。试验显示,水温20～30℃、光照强度<3000lx、64h池水循环1次、池塘水深3m处底播栽培最适宜脆江蓠生长,并且栽培期间定期分苗的藻体生长速率显著高于未定期分苗的藻体。     

龙须菜对刺参生长及环境因子的影响

2010年5～7月在山东威海乳山杜家岛基地,采用陆基围隔生态学实验方法和正交设计法,在不投饵模式下进行刺参Apostichopus japonicus和龙须菜Gracilaria lemaneiformis混养实验。刺参密度分别为15、20、25ind/m2,龙须菜初始密度分别为0、180、360g/m2,比较了不同处理下幼参和龙须菜的生长存活情况,并定期检测环境营养盐的变化。结果表明,刺参平均日增重率(Md-wg)、特定生长率(SGR)受刺参密度的影响显著,受龙须菜密度的影响不显著,受刺参与龙须菜之间交互效应影响不显著;刺参密度为15ind/m2、龙须菜密度为360g/m2时刺参平均日增重率、特定生长率最大;刺参密度为25ind/m2、龙须菜密度为360g/m2时龙须菜产量最高,刺参密度为25ind/m2、龙须菜密度为180g/m2时龙须菜特定生长率最高。水质分析结果表明,刺参密度为15ind/m2时底泥总氮、总磷含量降幅最大。实验结果显示,龙须菜和刺参混养可在一定条件下改善水质条件,提高刺参的特定生长率,在本实验条件下刺参密度15ind/m2、龙须菜密度360g/m2的混养配比较合理,其生态互利效果最好。     

3种藻类膳食纤维的功能及毒理评价

对马尾藻、江蓠和麒麟菜３种膳食纤维的常规成分和功能性进行分析,并采用小鼠及人体试验,对这３种藻类膳食纤维的某些毒理和生理功能进行了初步研究。结果表明,这３种膳食纤维均属于无毒级,未发现致突变作用,食用安全,对便秘患者具有良好疗效,但效果不同,以麒麟菜膳食纤维的效果最好。