江蓠作为富营养化指示生物及修复生物的氮营养特性

近海环境的污染日趋严重,化学监测方法存在着其固有的缺陷,采用指示性生物来反映变化的水质已越来越为人们所接受.大型海藻江蓠(Gracilaria)为自养生物,易养殖,能忍受盐度、温度等环境条件相对较大的波动,是理想的研究材料;它能对环境中不同形态氮的浓度及来源,通过氨基酸组成、光合色素及组织氮含量等变化作出迅速而灵敏的响应;江蓠生长快,具有大的氮储存能力,及较高的经济价值等特性,已成为水体中营养变化的指示性生物及治理富营养化理想的修复植物.     

菊花心江蓠在网箱养殖区的生物修复作用

2003年8～12月，利用菊花心江蓠(Gracilaria lichenoides)在福建省东山县八尺门网箱养殖区进行生物修复实验。通过定点跟踪监测，定点连续监测，断面监测和平面监测，结果表明，江蓠对受污染的海水具有较好的修复效果。菊花心江蓠能有效提高水中的DO浓度，使修复实验区的DO浓度明显高于非养殖区和网箱养殖区的DO浓度；菊花心江蓠还能降低水中的IN、IP浓度，特别是3种价态的IN中，菊花心江蓠优先吸收铵氮，这对减轻网箱养殖区自身污染的影响更具实际意义。     

Experimental integrated aquaculture of fish and red seaweeds in Northern Portugal

Three potentially valuable red seaweeds, Chondrus crispus Stackhouse, Gracilaria bursa pastoris (S.G. Gmelin) P.C. Silva and Palmaria palmata (L.) O. Kuntze, collected in northern Portugal, were cultivated using the nutrient-rich effluents from a local turbot (Scophthalmus maximus Linnaeus) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax Linnaeus) farm. The algae were cultivated in a two level cascade system. Several arrangements of the cascade system, stocking densities (3, 5, 7 and 8 kg m^− 2) and water fluxes (140 and 325 l h^− 1) were tested to optimize biomass yield and nitrogen uptake rate and efficiency. The yield and the total ammonium nitrogen (TAN) uptake of the three species were highly seasonal. Palmaria could not survive culture conditions during the summer when water temperature was above 21 °C. In the spring, Palmaria had an average yield of 40.2 (± 12.80) g DW m^− 2 day^− 1 and a nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUE) of 41.0% (± 17.26%). NUE expresses, in percentage, the average reduction in TAN concentration between the inflows and the outflows of the tanks. Chondrus performed better in summer with an average yield of 37.0 (± 11.10) g DW m^− 2 day^− 1 and removing 41.3% (± 17.32%) of nitrogen. Gracilaria grew year round, but also performed better during spring/summer, producing an average of 29.1 (± 2.90) g DW m^− 2 day^− 1, and only 7.3 (± 5.08) g DW m^− 2 day^− 1 during autumn. Yield of C. crispus did not differ significantly when grown at two different stocking densities (5 kg m^− 2 and 8 kg m^− 2). On the other hand, Gracilaria had significantly higher yields at 5 than at 7 kg m^− 2. Better NUE, on average 76.7% (± 22.13%), was also obtained with 5 kg m^− 2 stocking density and only 63.8% (± 24.62%) with 7 kg m^− 2. The yield of Gracilaria increased significantly with the increase of water flux from 140 to 325 l h^− 1 and more nitrogen was removed from the water. However, NUE decreased from 48.4% to 33.4% at 140 and 325 l h^− 1, respectively. Biofiltration was highly improved by a cascade system with a NUE as high as 83.5%.     

大型海藻江蓠对养殖池塘水质污染修复的研究

通过对菊花江蓠(Gracilaria lichenoides)与南美白对虾(Penacus vannamei)、青石斑鱼(Epinephelusawoara)混养池塘水质的跟踪监测,研究了不同养殖模式下江蓠对池塘水质的修复效果。结果表明:江蓠对水中无机氮(IN)、无机磷(IP)有较好的净化作用,能使养殖池中水体保持很低的IN、IP浓度和较高的溶解氧(DO)浓度,维持良好的水质状况;江蓠与虾或鱼混养,对水质均有改善作用。大型海藻江蓠易调控、无二次污染、有较好的经济价值,同时其对水质调节作用优于微藻等。利用江蓠进行生态养殖,可减少药物投放量,提高产品的质量和市场竞争力,促进海水养殖业的可持续发展。     

细基江蓠繁枝变种（Gracilaria tenuistipitata var.Liui）群体遗传多样性的ISSR分析

运用ISSR标记对来自深圳、北海和防城港的三个细基江蓠繁枝变种群体进行遗传多样性检测,筛选出的16条ISSR引物共扩增出111条带,引物平均多态位点比例为54.95%。三个群体的多态位点比例深圳群体最高为23.42%,北海群体最低为4.50%;群体平均多态位点比例为11.12%,平均基因多样性（Hs）为0.051 3,表明细基江蓠繁枝变种群体遗传多样性较低。群体遗传分化指数为0.756 5,说明遗传变异主要存在于群体间且群体间的遗传分化水平较高。Mantel检验发现遗传距离与地理距离无关。适应生态环境选择无性繁殖模式可能是细基江蓠繁枝变种群体遗传多样性较低、群体间遗传分化大的重要因素。     

基因枪作用下的外源GUS基因在四种红藻组织块中的瞬间表达

建立合适的外源基因转移系统是大型海藻基因工程的一个重要研究内容。外源基因在大型海藻组织中的瞬间表达可以确定外源基因是否导入海藻组织及研究影响导入的各种因素,以此来建立合适的ＤＮＡ导入系统。迄今,秦松等［１９９４］对海带的遗传转化进行了研究,用基因枪将...     

温度和营养盐胁迫对龙须菜氨氮吸收速率及生长速率的影响

以龙须菜（Gracilaria lemaneiformis）为试验材料,分别研究了温度和营养盐协迫对其生长及氨氮吸收速率的影响。结果表明,2个环境因子对龙须菜生长和吸收氨氮速率均有显著影响。龙须菜在20℃条件下生长较其在10℃和30℃条件下生长快速（P〈0.01）;营养盐含量过高和过低均不利于龙须菜的生长;营养盐水平越...     

江蓠提胶废渣制备不溶性膳食纤维工艺研究

以江蓠提胶废渣为原料,进行酶法制备不溶性膳食纤维(IDF)优化工艺研究试验。分别通过体系的酶量、酶解温度和酶解时间的单因素试验及这3个因素的正交试验,研究其对不溶性膳食纤维含量的影响,获得其最佳的制备工艺为:料液质量比1∶8,复合蛋白酶0.4%(质量分数),pH值9,40℃水解3 h,洗涤至中性后,60℃恒温干燥。该工艺制备的产品得率48.8%,不溶性膳食纤维含量(干基)高达93.61%(质量分数),粗蛋白质0.70%,粗脂肪0.87%,持水力与膨胀力分别为5.05 g/g和6.47 mL/g,高于西方国家小麦麸皮膳食纤维标准。可望使江蓠提胶废渣变废为宝,开发成为膳食纤维功能食品。     

不同龙须菜品系在高温胁迫下的生理响应比较

文章研究了2个龙须菜（Gracilaria lemaneiform／s）品系981和07—2在3种温度（23℃、27℃和31℃）条件下的各个生理指标的变化情况。结果表明,龙须菜07-2品系的相对生长速率在23℃和27℃时呈上升趋势,31℃时略有下降;981龙须菜品系也呈先上升后下降趋势。07—2品系的叶绿素a（chlorophylls,Chl—a）和类胡萝卜素在23℃和27℃时均低于981龙须菜,31℃时基本持平;07-2品系的藻蓝蛋白（R—PC）呈上升趋势,但是差异不显著,藻红蛋白（R-PE）含量高于981龙须菜,且呈上升趋势;981龙须菜的各个光合色素在3个温度条件下均没有显著差异。07—2品系的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性呈上升趋势,差异显著;981龙须菜的SOD活性略有上升,但差异不显著。在生长状态、光合色素和抗氧化酶等方面,07-2品系比981龙须菜更能表现出其耐高温的优越性。     

Effects of CO2 levels and light intensities on growth and amino acid contents in red seaweed Gracilaria lemaneiformis

The seaweed Gracilaria lemaneiformis is largely maricultivated in China, for use as food and as a material in the agar industry. This alga experiences ocean acidification caused by rising atmospheric CO₂ levels, and experiences changing light levels caused by self‐shading during the later period of mariculture. In this study, growth and amino acid (AA) content responses of G. lemaneiformis to different CO₂ levels (the present and the predicted increased levels) and varying light levels at 28 (±1)°C temperature conditions were investigated. The results showed that a higher light level enhanced algal growth and decreased water loss, but reduced AA accumulation. Decreased pH levels (as a result of CO₂ elevation) also enhanced algal growth and reduced AA contents, but the decreases in the AA score at the lower pH levels were not significant under the two light level treatments. In this study, the light treatments had greater influences on growth and AA contents than CO₂ levels. The results suggest that G. lemaneiformis quality will be negatively affected during the later mariculture production period as levels of CO₂ rise and global temperatures increase.