大熊猫主食竹研究进展

大熊猫是世界上的濒危物种,对它的保护受到了世人的关注.对大熊猫主食竹的研究是保护大熊猫这一珍贵动物的首要任务。在此,从大熊猫主食竹的资源状况、生物生态学特性、生理生化特征、以及更新复壮等方面综述了近年来关于大熊猫主食竹研究的进展。最后进行了大熊猫主食竹种研究的问题分析及展望。     

高龄大熊猫多器官衰竭的病理学观察

本文观察了1只38岁高龄的大熊猫多器官衰竭的病理学变化。病理剖检显示，该熊猫主要表现为实质器官充血、水肿和出血性变化；组织病理学检查发现，全身实质器官（除心、肺、脑外）均发生明显萎缩，胃、肠、肝、胰、肾等发生水肿变性或出血；此外，还观察到心肌纤维坏死后的瘢痕形成。结果表明，老龄大熊猫的多器官衰竭的病理学变化与其他动物相似；高龄大熊猫也易患心血管系统疾病，且具有较经的组织修复能力。     

Giant Cell Dermatosis in FeLV-positive Cats

Abstract— Giant cell dermatosisis is reported in six cats with evidence of concurrent feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection. Scaling, crusting and alopecia, accompanied by pruritus, affected the head and/or face predominantly in most cats; generalized skin disease developed in one cat. Histologically, giant keratinocytes resembling syncytial cells were found in the epidermis and superficial hair follicles, and were accompanied by dyskeratosis, pustules and ulcers. Immunohistochemical staining revealed FeLV antigen in the giant cells and adjacent keratinocytes. FeLV infection may have led to neoplastic alteration of the keratinocytes through recombination with host oncogenes
Resumen  Este artículo se basa en seis gatos con dermatosis de las células gigantes infectados con el virus FeLV. Éstos animales presentaban escamas y costras, así como pérdida de pelo y picor en las regiones de la cabera y cara, predominantemente. Tan solo uno de los gatos desarrolló una dermatosis generalizada. En el exámen histológico se demostró la presencia de keratinocitos gigantes con semejonza a las células sinticiales localizados en la epidermis y folículos pilosos superficiales, acompañados de disqueratosis, pústulas y ülceras. Las finturas histo-inmunológicas demostraron el antígeno FeLV en las células gigantes y keratinocitos adyacentes. La injeccion con el virus FeLV pudo haber conducido a la alteración neoplástica de los keratinocitos a través de la recombinación con los oncogenes del hospedador.     

水分胁迫对粳型巨胚稻种子萌发和成苗的影响

为探索提高粳型巨胚稻种子发芽率方法,给粳型巨胚稻育秧技术的改进提供理论参考,采用PEG-6000对粳型巨胚稻西巨胚1号种子进行不同方式浸种.结果表明,采用清水引发PEG液培养的水分胁迫处理方法降低了种子的活力,不利于种子萌发,随着PEG浓度的升高,发芽率降低,开始发芽的时间延后,群体发芽所需的时间延长;采用PEG引发清水培养的水分胁迫处理方法在PEG质量浓度15％以下时对种子的萌发有一定的促进作用,大干15％反起抑制作用.     

我国大熊猫的保护现状与展望

提出了实现大熊猫保护方针和目标所需采取的具体措施,分析所取得的成果,并指出了大熊猫保护所面临的主要问题:栖息地破碎化严重,人为干扰依然严重,迁地保护任务紧迫,保护和管理资金匮乏,管理体制不顺、队伍力量薄弱,栖息地保护和恢复建设滞后、潜在栖息地未受到重视,汶川大地震的影响等。     

圈养大熊猫戊型肝炎病毒感染调查

采用ELISA、巢式RT—PCR、免疫组织化学等多种方法对北京动物园保存的大熊猫组织材料和部分现存活个体的粪便、血清等样品进行戊型肝炎病毒抗原调查。调查发现在死亡大熊猫肝脏组织中戊肝病毒抗原阳性检出率为88．9％（8／9）,肾脏的阳性检出率为85．7％（6／7）。现活体动物的粪便、血清抗原检查没有出现阳性结果。结果说明死亡大熊猫曾感染过戊型肝炎病毒,现有个体中没有戊肝病毒感染。     

Baylisascariosis—Infections of animals and humans with ‘unusual’ roundworms

The nematode genus Baylisascaris (order Ascaridida, superfamily Ascaridoidea) contains nine relatively host-specific, parasite species of carnivores, omnivores, herbivores, carnivorous marsupials or rodents. They have a facultative heteroxenous life cycle, at least under experimental conditions. Eggs passed in faeces embryonate in the environment and the second-stage larva infective for both definitive and intermediate hosts develops. In intermediate hosts larvae migrate extensively through tissues, where they grow and moult to the third-stage, causing extensive damage. All Baylisascaris spp. are considered a potential cause of visceral, ocular and/or neural larval migrans in mammals including humans and in birds. This paper summarises our current knowledge on the prevalence, biology, pathogenicity and zoonotic significance of three Baylisascaris species: B. transfuga, B. schroederi and B. procyonis which have as definitive hosts bears, giant pandas and raccoons (occasionally dogs), respectively.     

Extract from the Zooxanthellate Jellyfish Cotylorhiza tuberculata Modulates Gap Junction Intercellular Communication in Human Cell Cultures

On a global scale, jellyfish populations in coastal marine ecosystems exhibit increasing trends of abundance. High-density outbreaks may directly or indirectly affect human economical and recreational activities, as well as public health. As the interest in biology of marine jellyfish grows, a number of jellyfish metabolites with healthy potential, such as anticancer or antioxidant activities, is increasingly reported. In this study, the Mediterranean “fried egg jellyfish” Cotylorhiza tuberculata (Macri, 1778) has been targeted in the search forputative valuable bioactive compounds. A medusa extract was obtained, fractionated, characterized by HPLC, GC-MS and SDS-PAGE and assayed for its biological activity on breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKa). The composition of the jellyfish extract included photosynthetic pigments, valuable ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids, and polypeptides derived either from jellyfish tissues and their algal symbionts. Extract fractions showed antioxidant activity and the ability to affect cell viability and intercellular communication mediated by gap junctions (GJIC) differentially in MCF-7and HEKa cells. A significantly higher cytotoxicity and GJIC enhancement in MCF-7 compared to HEKa cells was recorded. A putative action mechanism for the anticancer bioactivity through the modulation of GJIC has been hypothesized and its nutraceutical and pharmaceutical potential was discussed.     

At sea movement of Macquarie Island giant petrels: Relationships with marine protected areas and Regional Fisheries Management Organisations

Satellite tracking devices were used to examine the at sea movements of southern and northern giant petrels from Macquarie Island during the Austral summers of 2005-06 and 2006-07. Time spent at sea for nine northern giant petrels (four breeding adults, five recently fledged juveniles) and 10 southern giant petrels (three breeding adults, one non-breeding adult, and six recently fledged juveniles) was examined in relation to marine protected areas and fishing activity in the area immediately adjacent to Macquarie Island in 2005-06, and in terms of the jurisdictions of Regional Fisheries Management Authorities (RFMOs) at a broader scale during both seasons. Breeding adult southern and northern giant petrels spent a large proportion of their time at sea in the Macquarie Island Marine Park (25% and 65%, respectively), primarily during chick rearing. Further from Macquarie Island, the most important foraging areas for adult giant petrels were the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) statistical sub-areas 58.4.1 and 88.1, where foraging activity was concentrated around the ice edge and the Polar Frontal Zone. Fledglings of both species spent time in the Marine Park immediately after fledging, before moving into international waters. We found significant temporal and spatial overlap in the areas used by recently fledged juvenile northern giant petrels and the areas utilised by the single trawler that operated in these waters during 2005-06. Adult giant petrels spent little time in RFMO waters other than those under the jurisdiction of CCAMLR, but fledgling southern and northern giant petrels spent considerable time (56% and 78% of total time at sea) on the high seas of the Pacific Ocean, in areas under the jurisdictions of the Commission for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna (CCSBT), the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (WCPFC), the Inter American Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC) and the South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation (SPRFMO). Band returns indicate that the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) and the South East Atlantic Fisheries Organisation (SEAFO) areas are likely to be extensively utilised by Macquarie Island giant petrels in the first three years after fledging. Overall, Macquarie Island’s giant petrel populations are well protected by marine reserves during the breeding season. However, after fledging birds move into RFMO areas that currently have low standards of observer coverage and by catch mitigation, and where fisheries related mortality is likely to pose a significant risk.     

海蜇头糖蛋白超声辅助提取工艺研究

为提高海蜇头糖蛋白提取效果,采用超声辅助提取工艺,在单因素试验的基础上,采用超声处理时间、超声功率和提取时间三因素三水平响应面分析试验以优化此工艺条件.结果表明:海蜇头目标糖蛋白超声辅助提取的最佳工艺条件为超声处理时间15 min,超声功率300 W,提取时间60 min;在此工艺条件下,糖蛋白实际得率为9.14%,与模型预测值之间具有较好的拟合性.在3个因素中,超声处理时间,超声功率对糖蛋白得率的影响极显著,提取时间影响不显著,且相互之间无交互效应.