民办高职院校饲料与动物营养专业模块化实训教学体系的构建

近年来,我国民办高职院校迅猛发展,已经成为高职教育中一支不可忽视的生力军。民办高职院校教学的实训、实习以及校企合作正在摸索阶段。文章以饲料与动物营养专业为例,探讨民办高职院校模块化实训教学体系的构建。     

观察饲料添加剂二次蓄积对幼犬性激素水平的影响

本试验旨在研究分析市场上正在广泛使用的饲料添加剂,探讨二次饲喂雄性幼犬后饲料添加剂蓄积对其生长、生殖发育的影响研究。选用12只1月龄犬,随机分为试验组和对照组,对照组犬饲喂正常日粮和大鼠鼠肉,试验组犬饲喂正常日粮和高剂量组大鼠鼠肉,喂养幼犬直至成熟,检测食用饲料添加剂高剂量组大鼠鼠肉是否对雄性犬的生长、生殖发育产生影响。采用酶联免疫试剂盒的方法来检测犬血清激素指标水平。结果显示：试验组雌二醇、促卵泡激素含量明显升高（P＜0.01）,而睾酮含量明显降低,有显著性差异（P＜0.01）,饲料添加剂高剂量组对犬血清中的促黄体生成未见显著变化。雄性幼犬食用试验大鼠后可导致雄性幼犬青春期体内内分泌激素含量异常,即青春期11月龄测定的雌二醇以及促卵泡激素水平增高,睾酮的水平降低。提示试验组雄性幼犬食用大鼠鼠肉后,可能通过干扰了睾丸轴的功能,对雄性幼犬的生殖发育能力产生影响。     

Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, utilizes wax ester-rich oil from Calanus finmarchicus effectively

Against a background of decreasing availability of fish oils for use in aquaculture, the present study was undertaken to examine whether a wax ester-rich oil derived from the calanoid copepod Calanus finmarchicus, could be used effectively by Atlantic salmon when supplied in their diet. Individually tagged Atlantic salmon of initial weight around 500 g were divided into replicate tanks of two dietary groups and fed either a fish oil supplemented diet, or an experimental diet coated with Calanus oil. Wax esters accounted for 37.5% of the lipids in the Calanus oil diet but were absent from the fish oil diet in which triacylglycerols (TAG) were the major lipid class. Over the feeding period (140 days) the salmon fed fish oil displayed a greater increase in length, but there was no significant difference between the two groups in weight gained. The specific growth rates (0.75) and the feed conversion ratio of fish fed the two diets were similar throughout the study. No differences were observed in the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of fish fed Calanus oil or fish oil. The ADC of fatty acids decreased with chain length and increased with unsaturation. Long-chain alcohol utilization showed a similar tendency although there was a notable difference in that saturated long-chain alcohols were utilized better than the comparable fatty acid homologue. In fecal lipid of fish fed Calanus oil, the content of 16:0 alcohol decreased in both the free long-chain alcohol and wax ester fractions, while the corresponding fatty acid increased in the feces of both dietary groups of fish. In contrast, the proportion of the 22:1n−11 alcohol increased in both fecal wax esters and free long-chain alcohol fractions whereas 22:1n−11 fatty acid displayed no accumulation. The observed patterns of fatty acid and long-chain alcohol compositions in fecal lipid compared to those of the initial dietary lipid are consistent with the digestive lipases of salmon preferentially hydrolyzing esters containing polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) moieties. The wax esters of Calanus oil contained substantial amounts of the n−3 PUFA, 20:5n−3 and 22:6n−3, that were effectively deposited in muscle and liver tissues. No major differences were seen in either lipid content/lipid classes or in gross fatty acid composition of these tissues between the two dietary groups. It is concluded that that Atlantic salmon in seawater can effectively utilize diets in which a major lipid component is derived from zooplankton rich in wax ester without any detrimental change in growth or body lipid composition. This finding gives support to the use of lipid from zooplankton from high latitudes as an alternative or as a supplement to fish oil and a provider of long-chain n−3 PUFA in diets for use in salmon aquaculture.     

The use of leucaena leaf meal in feeding Nile tilapia

A 14 week experiment was carried out to study the effects of replacing three different levels (33%, 66%; and 100%;) of berseem leaf meal (BLM) by leucaena leaf meal (LLM) treated in four different ways (drying for 48 h at 60 C, autoclaved for 15 min, sprayed with 1% sodium hydroxide and incubated with rumen liquor for 24 h). Groups of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), fingerlings (5.07 g mean weight) were fed one of 13 isonitrogenous (30% crude protein) and isocaloric (19.67 kJ per g dry matter) diets, with two replicates (10 fish per aquarium) for each treatment. The results indicated that weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and protein utilization parameters were significantly (p < 0.05) increased by the higher percentage of dried or cooked LLM in tilapia diets. On the other hand, the lowest growth performance and feed utilization parameters were observed in the groups fed LLM diets treated with sodium hydroxide or incubated with rumen liquor. Carcass protein and fat increased significantly (p < 0.05) with increasing levels of LLM and simultaneously decreasing ash content.     

SH9在线高速膨胀系统进料含水率对烟丝综合质量的影响

[目的]研究SH9进料含水率对干燥后烟丝综合质量的影响.[方法]研究了SH9在线高速膨胀系统对烟丝进行干燥时不同进料含水率条件下烟丝综合质量变化情况.[结果]研究显示,不同的进料含水率对烟丝、填充值以及感官质量均有较显著影响,对整丝率、碎丝率影响不显著.[结论]研究可为卷烟企业在用SH9在线高速膨胀系统对烟草加工时选择合适的控制参数提供依据.     

饲料添加剂对人畜健康的影响

文章主要讲述了饲料添加剂对人类和动物的影响,并且提出了减少饲料添加剂对人畜健康造成危害的措施。     

规模化养猪场环境污染及防控措施

阐述了规模化养猪所产生的粪尿污染对大气、水体、土壤及人体的影响,并总结了科学规划设计规模化养猪场、营养控制、合理饲养管理、科学清粪以及运用发酵床养猪技术等污染控制措施。     

Photoperiod influences the growth, food intake, feed efficiency and digestibility of red sea bream (Pagrus major)

Two consecutive trials were conducted to investigate the effects of photoperiod manipulation on growth rate, food intake and feed conversion efficiency (Trial 1), and the digestibility of nutrients and energy (Trial 2) in red sea bream, Pagrus major (body weight 19–120 g). Fish were exposed to four photoperiods (6L:6D, 12L:12D, 16L:8D and 24L:0D) with light intensity 1500 lx on the water surface. The fish were fed with a commercial diet to apparent satiation. In Trial 2, 0.5% chromic oxide (Cr₂O₃) was used as an inert marker. Significantly higher weight gain and specific growth rates were observed in fish exposed to a 24L:0D photoperiod followed by 16L:8D, 6L:6D and 12L:12D photoperiods (P < 0.05). Food intake and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) were also significantly higher in fish exposed to 24L:0D followed by 16L:8D, 6L:6D and 12L:12D photoperiods (P < 0.05). Fish exposed to 24L:0D and 16L:8D photoperiods showed significantly higher lipid and energy digestibility than those exposed to a 12L:12D photoperiod (P < 0.05). The results demonstrated that the enhancement of growth performances under 16L:8D and 24L:0D photoperiods were attributed to improved appetite, greater food intake and higher feed conversion efficiency as well as higher digestibility.     

酵母及藻类对褶皱臂尾轮虫培养效果的比较研究

采用种群累积培养法研究了两种酵母、两种藻类对褶皱臂尾轮虫的最适投喂密度。结果表明 ,这四种饵料对褶皱臂尾轮虫的最适投喂密度 (× 10 6cell·ml-1)分别是 :干酵母 ,15 ;鲜酵母 ,5 ;微绿球藻 ,4 5 ;三角褐指藻 ,2 0。同时 ,在最适密度下比较了这四种饵料对轮虫的培养效果。结果表明 ,四种饵料对轮虫的培养效果以微绿球藻为最优 ,其它依次为三角褐指藻 ,鲜酵母 ,干酵母。实验结果显示 ,褶皱臂尾轮虫批量培养及至工厂化培养的首选饵料是微绿球藻和三角褐指藻