杂交水稻(F_1)光合作用的优势及其与氮素营养的关系

在低N和高N条件下,比较研究了杂交水稻F_1代在生殖生长期功能叶的一些光合作用代谢特性与其亲本的差异。结果指出,杂交稻功能叶的叶绿素含量,光合磷酸化活力和ATP含量在高N条件下的杂种优势比低N条件的大。同样,杂交稻功能叶中~(14)CO_2同化率,RuBP羧化酶的活力及其酶蛋白含量在低N处理中无杂交优势,而高N处理却具有明显的正优势。这表明杂交水稻功能叶的光合作用的杂种优势随N营养水平提高而增大。因此,在预测杂交水稻光合作用优势时必须考虑氮素营养状况。     

Nitrous oxide emission from soils after incorporating crop residues

Abstract. Emissions of N₂O were measured from different agricultural systems in SE Scotland. N₂O emissions increased temporarily after fertilization of arable crops, cultivation of bare soil, ploughing up of grassland and incorporation of arable and horticultural crop residues, but the effect was short-lived. Most of the emission occurred during the first two weeks, returning to 'background' levels after 30–40 days. The highest flux was from N-rich lettuce residues, 1100 g N₂O-N ha⁻¹ being emitted over the first 14 days after incorporation by rotary tillage. The magnitude and pattern of emissions was strongly influenced by rainfall, soil mineral N, cultivation technique and C:N ratio of the residue. Comparatively large emissions were measured after incorporation of material with low C:N ratios. Management practices are recommended that would increase N-use efficiency and reduce N₂O emissions from agricultural soils.     

Coconut kernel protein modifies the effect of coconut oil on serum lipids

Feeding coconut kernel along with coconut oil in human volunteers has been found to reduce serum total and LDL cholesterol when compared to feeding coconut oil alone. This effect of the kernel was also observed in rats. Since many plant proteins have been reported to exert a cholesterol lowering effect, a study was carried out on the effect of isolated kernel protein in rats. Feeding kernel protein resulted in lower levels of cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides in the serum and most tissues when compared to casein fed animals. Rats fed kernel protein had (1) increased hepatic degradation of cholesterol to bile acids, (2) increased hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis, and (3) decreased esterification of free cholesterol. In the intestine, however, cholesterogenesis was decreased. The kernel protein also caused decreased lipogenesis in the liver and intestine. This beneficial effect of the kernel protein is attributed to its very low lysine/arginine ratio 2.13% lysine and 24.5% arginine.     

秸秆还田配施化肥对春玉米耕层土壤理化性质及产量的影响

通过连续3 a田间定位试验，研究了不同秸秆还田方式配施化肥对春玉米耕层土壤理化性质及产量的影响。结果表明：秸秆还田能显著提高各土层的田间持水量8.6%～18.0%，降低土壤紧实度6.3%～27.5%，且以秸秆深翻和深旋还田方式效果较好，同时这两种方式还能显著降低20～40 cm土层容重。连续秸秆还田后耕层土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷和速效钾含量较无还田处理平均提高21.2%、8.6%、15.0%和17.2%。此外，在秸秆还田时配合适量氮肥施用更利于土壤养分的提高，其中秸秆深翻和秸秆深旋配施210 kg/hm2氮肥和90～120 kg/hm2钾肥可显著提升土壤养分状况，促进春玉米穗长、穗粗和百粒重的增加，进而提高春玉米产量，是辽宁棕壤区春玉米生产中比较理想的一种农艺措施，在农业发展中具有一定的应用和推广价值。     

Deep incorporation of corn straw benefits soil organic carbon and microbial community composition in a black soil of Northeast China

‘Deep incorporation of corn straw’ (CSDI) is to concentrate the burial of corn straw into the subsurface soil layer (20–40 cm) and to break the plough pan, thereby creating a loosened plough layer (0–20 cm) and a fertile subsurface soil layer. However, its impacts on soil organic carbon (SOC) and the microbial community remain poorly understood. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of 1-year CSDI (CD1), 3-year CSDI (CD3) and 5-year CSDI (CD5) on soil aggregates and aggregate-associated SOC, as well as bacterial and fungal community characteristics (examined by the high-throughput gene sequencing method). The results demonstrated that SOC and soil fungal diversity were decreased by CD1, but increased by CD3 and CD5. Compared with the control, CD5 promoted 2–0.25 mm soil macroaggregation, significantly increased SOC by 8.94% and aggregate-associated SOC by 5.96%–8.84%, consequently improving the physical protection of SOC by soil aggregates. CD3 and CD5 enhanced the richness and diversity of soil bacteria and fungi, and altered community composition. For soil bacteria, the relative abundance of Acidobacteria and Chloroflexi was increased, while that of Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Sphingomonas and Bacillus was decreased. For soil fungi, the relative abundance of Ascomycota, Zygomycota, Mortierella and Fusarium was greatly improved, but that of Basidiomycota was reduced. These obvious variations in microbial community structure were beneficial to straw degradation and SOC accumulation. Overall, the optimization of microbial community with CSDI plays a positive role in promoting soil organic matter, nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration, and thus improving soil fertility.     

小麦秸秆及其生物炭添加对黄绵土表面电化学性质的影响

土壤表面电化学性质是土壤具有肥力的重要基础,研究小麦秸秆及其生物炭添加对黄绵土表面电化学性质的影响,可为黄绵土耕地质量的提升及可持续利用、减少土壤侵蚀提供重要的理论及实践依据.通过室内恒温培养试验,设置对照(CK)、1％秸秆(儿)、3％秸秆(J3)、5％秸秆(J5)、7％秸秆(J7)、10％秸秆(J10)和1％生物炭(...     

秸秆还田年限及还田量对稻田净温室效应的影响

本文研究了不同秸秆还田年限（2 年和13 年）和还田量（0、1.6 、3.2和4.8 t/hm2）对稻田CH4和N2O排放、土壤固碳速率和净温室效应的影响。结果表明：稻田CH4排放量在第2年和第13年均随秸秆还田量的增加呈线性增加，但第13年单位秸秆还田量对CH4排放的平均促进效应比第2年降低3%；各处理N2O排放量在第2年无显著差异，第13年显著促进N2O排放55% ~ 171%，且随秸秆还田量的增加呈线性增加；土壤固碳速率在第2年随秸秆还田量的增加呈线性增加，但第13年下降80% ~ 84%，且各处理间无显著差异；净温室效应随秸秆还田量的增加呈线性增加，但从第2年到第13年经历了从汇到源的过程，这说明秸秆还田量对净温室效应的影响受还田年限调控，其增加的温室效应逐步完全抵消了土壤固碳的减排效益，加剧了全球气候变暖。因此，稻田在长期秸秆还田条件下是一个重要的碳源，亟待优化秸秆还田技术，进一步固碳减排，以实现农业可持续发展。     

秸秆深还不同年限对黑土腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构特征的影响

秸秆深还(Corn stover deep incorporation,CSDI)指将作物秸秆深埋于土壤亚表层20~40 cm深处,用以解决秸秆焚烧和土壤肥力退化的可持续利用模式。本文以吉林农业大学玉米连作耕地试验田未施用秸秆和秸秆深还不同年限的土壤为研究对象,设置CK、CSDI(2014)、CSDI(2013)和CSDI(2012)共4种处理,分别代表未施入秸秆、2014年秸秆深还(深还第1年)、2013年秸秆深还(深还第2年)、2012年秸秆深还(深还第3年),研究秸秆深还不同年限对黑土腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构特征的影响。通过腐殖质组成修改法提取富里酸(Fulvic acid,FA)、胡敏酸(Humic acid,HA)和胡敏素(Humin,HM),国际腐殖质协会(International Humic Substances Society,IHSS)推荐的方法提取HA样品,通过元素组成、红外光谱和差热分析测定HA结构。结果表明:与CK相比,秸秆深还1年后显著提高了土壤和腐殖质各组分有机碳含量,亚表层累积效果更明显,其土壤有机碳(SOC)、HA、FA和HM有机碳含量分别增加了23.7%、30.5%、27.3%和46.1%,但PQ值(HA在可提取腐殖物质的比例)没有显著变化;HA氧化度和缩合度降低明显,表层和亚表层(O+S)/C比值分别降低14.31%和14.68%,H/C比值分别增加27.74%和28.86%,脂族链烃和芳香碳含量增加,热稳定性降低,HA结构趋于简单化。随着年限增加,深还3年后SOC、FA和HM有机碳含量呈下降趋势,HA有机碳含量呈上升趋势,PQ值变化显著,HA缩合度、氧化度呈上升趋势,脂族性减弱,芳香性增强,HA结构趋于复杂化。说明随着年限增加,秸秆不断矿化分解,秸秆深还对土壤腐殖质组成和结构特征的影响效果减弱。     

秸秆还田影响长江下游稻田周年氮磷径流风险

为了阐明秸秆还田模式和施氮量对稻田周年氮磷径流风险的影响,于2014年11月—2015年10月通过监测稻田在稻季田面水和麦季径流中的氮磷浓度,研究了秸秆不还田配施推荐施氮(N1)、麦秸还田配施推荐施氮(WN1)、稻秸还田配施推荐施氮(RN1)、稻秸麦秸均还田配施推荐施氮(WRN1)和稻秸麦秸均还田配施常规施氮(WRN2)5处理对长江下游稻田周年氮磷径流风险的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田增加小麦和水稻周年产量,增幅约9.03%～18.5%,其中WRN1和RN1处理增产效果显著高于WN1处理;与WRN2处理相比,WRN1处理可以维持稻田高产。在推荐施氮条件下,秸秆还田分别降低稻季田面水和麦季径流中溶解态总氮(DTN)浓度约5.17%～14.9%和12.3%,降低稻田氮径流风险;但增加溶解态总磷(DTP)浓度,增幅分别为6.67%～33.3%和30.0%,增加稻田磷径流风险。RN1处理下稻季田面水中DTN和DTP浓度均低于WRN1和WN1处理,且其DTP浓度与N1处理间无显著差异。在稻秸麦秸均还田下,WRN1处理下稻季田面水DTP浓度与WRN2处理没有显著差异,但能有效降低田面水DTN浓度的12.4%。研究表明,在长江下游稻-麦轮作农田推荐采用"RN1"模式,该模式可以维持稻田的周年高产和有效降低稻田的周年氮径流风险,同时对稻田的磷径流风险影响不显著,是一种兼顾粮食生产和生态环境效益的耕作模式。     

干旱灌区春小麦水分利用特征对绿肥与麦秸协同还田的响应

【目的】明确绿肥与麦秸协同还田对春小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）水分利用特征的影响，对干旱灌区应用绿肥构建小麦水分高效可持续生产模式具有重要支撑作用。【方法】本研究采取随机区组试验设计，以麦后休闲（W）为对照，设置了麦后免耕播种绿肥+绿肥与麦秸全量还田（W-NTGS）、麦后免耕播种绿肥+绿肥单一还田（W-NTG）、麦后浅旋灭茬播种绿肥+绿肥单一还田（W-TG）3个处理，对小麦耗水特征、籽粒产量、水分利用效率（WUE）和灌溉水利用效率（WUEi）进行了研究。【结果】复种绿肥较麦后休闲显著增加了小麦播前0—50 cm土层的土壤贮水量，其中W-NTGS处理小麦播前0—10、10—20、20—30、30—50 cm土层的土壤贮水量，分别较W-NTG处理增加了22.1%、30.2%、21.5%和11.1%，较W-TG处理增加了26.2%、33.2%、26.5%和16.4%；而W-NTG与W-TG处理间小麦播前0—110cm的土壤贮水量均无显著差异。复种绿肥较麦后休闲分别使小麦耗水量、棵间蒸发量和蒸散比平均减少7.0%—7.1%、11.7%—20.1%和5.2%—15.9%，在复...