Does the enhanced P acquisition by maize following legumes in a rotation result from improved soil P availability?

Field data have suggested that under P-deficient conditions, legumes supplied with phosphate rock (PR) increase P acquisition by a subsequent maize crop compared to direct application of PR to maize. This study assessed the mechanism of this positive rotational effect in terms of soil P availability using a greenhouse trial with large volume (74 l) containers. The rotation effect was analysed in relation to PR application, previous legume growth and incorporation of the legume residues. Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) and maize were grown in a representative Acrisol from the Nigerian Northern Guinea savannah (NGS). All soils were applied with sufficient urea to exclude N-effects in the rotations. In a first season, velvet bean and maize responded similarly to PR application, and P uptake by both crops increased by 45%. The soil total labile P quantity (E-value) and P concentration in soil solution after plant growth were increased by PR-application only in soils previously grown by velvet bean, suggesting enhanced PR solubilisation in the legume-grown soils. In the subsequent season, grain yields and P uptake of a maize crop following velvet bean were twice as large compared to maize following a first maize crop. This residual effect of velvet bean was even significant in treatments without PR-application, although both maize and velvet bean withdrew similar amounts of P during the first season and no differences in soil P availability were observed. Furthermore, legume residue incorporation in soils previously grown by maize did not affect yields or P uptake of the subsequent maize crop, while it significantly increased the E-value and during the first 7 weeks in the second season. As such, the positive rotational effects of velvet bean were larger than predicted by soil P availability measures. Maize yield significantly increased with increasing plant P concentration among all treatments. However, the rotational effect was unrelated to internal P concentration: significantly larger yields were obtained for maize following velvet bean than for maize following maize at identical internal P. This suggested the presence of another growth-limiting which is counteracted by the previous velvet bean growth. In conclusion, our results confirmed that the introduction of a legume supplied with PR into a maize-based cropping system increases yield and P-uptake by a subsequent maize crop, compared to maize following a first maize crop supplied with PR. These stimulations, however, went beyond improved P nutrition. Results strongly suggested that the legume in the rotation system has other positive, possibly soil-microbiological effects which enhance maize growth and production.     

稻草还田的土壤肥力与产量效应研究

18年稻草还田定位试验和3年田间示范试验研究表明,稻草直接还田对改善土壤理化性状具有显著效果.长期定位试验化肥 稻草还田区水稻产量相对无肥区(CK)增产80.8%,但与等量NPK的纯化肥区差异不显著.示范试验结果表明,短期稻草还田具有显著增产作用,增产率达3.7%～6.8%.氮肥的增产作用显著,建议氮肥和习惯氮肥处理增产率分别为38.8%和47.4%,而氮肥的农学产量效益分别为每公斤纯氮增产谷粒13.7 kg和11.7 kg,肥料报酬率随施氮量增加而递减.经济效应分析表明,稻草还田配施减量氮肥可降低肥料成本,提高经济效益.     

秸秆还田对稻麦两熟高产农田净增温潜势影响的初步研究

对长江下游稻麦两熟农田生态系统2009—2010年的CH4和N2O排放以及土壤碳固定进行了分析,初步研究了秸秆还田对稻麦两熟高产农田净增温潜势的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田对稻麦两熟高产农田周年CH4和N2O排放总量、土壤碳固定量以及净增温潜势均有显著或极显著影响:秸秆还田条件下周年CH4、N2O排放总量分别为394 kg CH4.hm-2、2.39 kg N2O.hm-2,土壤碳固定量、净增温潜势分别为1.14 t C·hm-2、6383 kg CO2-equivalents·hm-2;较秸秆不还田增加CH4排放总量152%、减少N2O排放总量14%、增加土壤碳固定量531%、增加净增温潜势57%。以上结果表明,秸秆还田使短期内稻麦两熟高产农田的温室效应明显提高,但其长期效果如何还有待观测。     

稻麦轮作区秸秆还田对水稻土结构的影响

为探明稻麦轮作区秸秆还田对水稻土结构的影响,依托常熟农业生态试验站25 a的长期定位试验,研究秸秆还田对水稻土容重、团聚体分布及稳定性、团聚体有机碳分布和孔隙大小分布的影响。试验设不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(NPK)、化肥和半量秸秆还田(NPKS1)、化肥和全量秸秆还田(NPKS2)等处理。采集各小区耕层水稻土,通过湿筛的方法测定团聚体分布及稳定性,通过X射线CT扫描和图像处理得到孔隙结构信息。结果显示,与CK相比,单施化肥(NPK)能显著提高土壤有机碳含量、降低土壤容重,对团聚体分布及稳定性、大孔隙度(大于0.032 mm)、孔隙大小分布没有显著影响。与NPK处理相比,秸秆还田(NPKS1、NPKS2)分别使土壤容重降低14.0%和19.4%,有机碳含量提高10.0%和23.1%,但是对团聚体分布及稳定性影响不显著;化肥和半量秸秆还田(NPKS1)对大孔隙度和孔隙大小分布没有显著影响,化肥和全量秸秆还田(NPKS2)的大孔隙度(大于0.032 mm)提高了110.6%,各当量孔径范围的孔隙度也明显提高(大于1.5 mm除外)。结果表明,经过25 a的秸秆还田,稻麦轮作区全量秸秆还田能够降低土壤容重,增加土壤有机碳含量和各级团聚体中有机碳含量,增大土壤总孔隙度和大孔隙度,改善水稻土的物理结构;而半量秸秆还田没有显著改善水稻土的孔隙结构。     

秸秆还田与水分管理对双季水稻氮素吸收及氮肥?利用率的影响

秸秆还田是促进农田养分循环的重要方式,也对提升农田地力有较好效果。以南方典型双季稻田为研究对象,设置三个秸秆还田水平和两种水分管理方式的两因子田间定位试验,于定位试验开展后的第5年通过测定早稻和晚稻季稻田土壤无机氮、微生物生物量氮动态、植株吸氮量动态以及收获期主要土壤肥力因子、水稻产量和植株各部分氮素累积量,分析秸秆还田与水分管理制度下水稻氮素吸收和氮肥利用率的特征及其影响因素。结果表明:秸秆还田提高了土壤有机碳和全氮含量以及土壤p H,长期淹水较之间歇灌溉降低了土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷含量。在氮肥用量一致条件下,早稻季秸秆还田降低了分蘖期土壤氮素有效性,导致水稻生育期内氮素吸收量显著下降,且显著降低水稻籽粒产量及氮肥利用率;氮肥利用率较对照下降2.0~7.6个百分点,且随秸秆还田量的增加而降低。晚稻季秸秆还田提高了生育期内土壤氮素有效性,显著提高了水稻生育期内氮素吸收量,增加水稻产量且显著提高氮肥利用率;氮肥利用率较对照提高8.6~13个百分点,且随秸秆还田量的增加而增加。研究表明,间歇灌溉和长期淹水灌溉两种水分管理方式对水稻氮素吸收、籽粒产量及氮肥利用率的影响差异不显著。早稻季秸秆还田配合长期淹水灌溉将加剧水稻产量和氮肥利用率下降。双季稻稻田实行间歇灌溉下的早稻季秸秆不还田、晚稻季秸秆全量还田(6 t/hm2)有利于获得较高水稻产量和氮肥利用率。     

In Situ Acidulation of Rock Phosphate

This study was undertaken to study the impact of adding <75 μm elemental sulfur (ES) on P availability from a range of <250 μm ground rock phosphates (RP) namely; Minjingu (Mi) from Tanzania, Khouribga from Morocco (Mo) and Duchess (D) from Australia. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum, Thumpa tetraploid) grown in a glasshouse was used as the test crop and tops were harvested 5 times over 27 weeks. Co-granulating RP and 10.7% ES yielded 30–70% more ryegrass tops than RP alone, with the greatest effect with Mi. Fertilizer P recovery in the tops from the RP was 5.2% with D and 6.5% and 7.8% from Mi and Mo, respectively. ES addition increased this by 51% from Mo, 98% from D and 194% from Mi. Co-granulation of RP with ES has been shown to be an effective means of releasing plant available P to crops from RP with minimal fertilizer processing.     

秸秆还田对土壤还原性和水稻根系生长及产量的影响

为明确油菜秸秆还田对土壤环境及水稻根系生长的影响,该研究采用田间试验与栽培模拟试验相结合的方法,分析了油菜秸秆还田后,稻田土壤氧化还原电位(EH值)、还原性物质总量和Fe2+含量的变化规律及水稻苗期根系数量、质量、体积、长度和伤流强度等的变化规律。结果表明,1)油菜秸秆覆盖或翻埋条件下,稻田土壤氧化还原电位日均变化量(RCEH值)表现为先降低后增加的趋势,而土壤还原性物质总量日均变化量(RCRRM值)和土壤二价铁含量日均变化量(RCFe值)表现为先增加后降低的趋势;其中水稻移栽后14~18 d土壤RCEH值最低,移栽后10~14 d和14~22 d土壤RCRRM值(0.28~0.62 cmol/(kg·d))和RCFe值(5.0~31.6μg/(kg·d))达到最大。2)油菜秸秆覆盖或翻埋条件下,随着秸秆还田量的增加,水稻根系总量(数量、质量、体积和长度)、白根数量和根系伤流强度显著降低;与覆盖相比,油菜秸秆翻埋对水稻根系伤流日均变化量(RC_(RBI))的影响时间更长,水稻根系体积日均变化量(RCRVT值)和质量日均变化量(RCRQT值)的缓慢增长期延长了4 d。3)水稻移栽后10~22 d,油菜秸秆还田对稻田土壤环境和水稻根系生长的影响最显著;移栽后27~32 d,油菜秸秆还田对水稻根系生长的影响程度显著降低。油菜秸秆还田条件下,随着秸秆还田量增加,水稻苗期的土壤氧化还原电位显著降低,土壤还原性物质总量和Fe2+含量显著增加;水稻根系总量(数量、质量、体积和长度)和根系活力(白根数量和根系伤流强度)显著降低。在四川油稻两熟区,油菜秸秆还田量以全量还田为宜,适宜机械作业的田块以油菜秸秆翻埋还田为宜。     

不同气候-土壤-耕作组合条件下水稻土有机碳长期演变模拟的不确定性和敏感性分析

Reporting modeling results with uncertainty information can benefit decision making by decreasing the extent that variability exerts a disproportionate influence on the options selected. For making decisions with more confidence, the uncertainty interval should be as narrow as possible. Here, the soil organic carbon(SOC) dynamics of the major paddy soil subgroup from 4 different paddy field regions of China(located in 4 counties under different climate-soil-management combinations) were modeled using the De NitrificationDe Composition(DNDC) model for the period from 1980 to 2008. Uncertainty intervals associated with the SOC dynamics for these 4 subgroups were estimated by a long-term global sensitivity and uncertainty analysis(i.e., the Sobol′method), and their sensitivities to 7 influential factors were quantified using the total effect sensitivity index. The results, modeled with high confidence, indicated that in the past 29 years, the studied paddy soils in Xinxing, Yixing, and Zhongjiang counties were carbon(C) sinks, while the paddy soil in Helong County was a C source. The 3 C sinks sequestered 12.2(5.4, 19.6), 17.1(8.9, 25.0), and 16.9(-1.2, 33.6) t C ha~(-1)(values in the parentheses are the 5th and 95th percentiles, respectively). Conversely, the C source had a loss of -5.4(-14.2, 0.06) t C ha~(-1) in the past 29 years. The 7 factors, which changed with the climate-soil-management context, exhibited variable influences on modeled SOC. Measures with potential to conserve or sequestrate more C into paddy soils, such as incorporating more crop residues into soils and reducing chemical fertilizer application rates, were recommended for specific soils based on the sensitivity analysis results.     

环境与人为因子对水稻土有机质变化的影响——以长江中下游平原为例

Changes in soil organic matter (SOM) can affect food security,soil and water conservation,and climate change.However,the drivers of changes in SOM in paddy soils of China are not fully understood because the effects of agricultural management and environmental factors are studied separately.Soil,climate,terrain,and agricultural management data from 6 counties selected based on representative soil types and cropping systems in China were used in correlation analysis,analysis of variance,and cforest modeling to analyze the drivers of changes in SOM in paddy soils in the Middle and Lower Yangtze River Plain from 1980 to 2011.The aims of this study were to identify the main factors driving the changes in SOM and to quantitatively evaluate their individual impacts.Results showed that the paddy SOM stock in the study area increased by 12.5％ at an average rate of 0.023 kg m-2 year-1 over the 31-year study period.As a result of long-term rice planting,agricultural management practices had a greater influence than soil properties,climate,and terrain.Among the major drivers,straw incorporation,the most influential driver,together with fertilization and tillage practices,significantly increased the accumulation of SOM,while an increase in temperature significantly influenced SOM decomposition.Therefore,to confront the challenge of rising temperatures,it is important to strengthen the positive effects of agricultural management.Rational fertilizer use for stabilizing grain production and crop straw incorporation are promising measures for potential carbon sequestration in this region.     

施肥和绿肥翻压方式对旱地冬小麦生长及土壤水分利用的影响

通过田间试验研究渭北旱原不同施肥处理(不施肥;40 kg P2O5/hm2;豆科绿肥专用肥30 kg/hm2)对夏闲期豆科绿肥生长和后茬小麦生长的效果,探讨了夏季豆科绿肥翻压方式(提前翻压、提前覆盖,播前翻压和不种绿肥即夏季休闲)对后茬冬小麦产量及水分利用的影响。研究表明:与不施肥处理相比,豆科绿肥专用肥显著提高绿肥盛花期地上部生物量,但对根系生长没有明显作用;施用磷肥则更有利于绿肥根系生物量的提高;施用绿肥专用肥和磷肥处理的后茬小麦产量较高,特别是绿肥提前翻压时。绿肥提前翻压时冬小麦分蘖数较高、春季总茎数较高、单位面积穗数较高,产量显著高于绿肥提前覆盖、播前翻压和不种绿肥处理,水分生产效率显著高于不种绿肥处理。从绿肥翻压、小麦播前直至小麦拔节期,绿肥翻压方式的3个处理土壤0~200 cm剖面水分含量与休闲处理始终有明显差异。提前翻压处理与提前覆盖、播前翻压处理的差异主要在40 cm以上土层。