Climate variability and marine survival of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the Oregon production area

Time series of adult recruitment for natural runs of coho salmon from the Oregon coastal region (1970–94) and marine survival of hatchery-reared coho salmon from California to Washington (1960–94) are significantly correlated with a suite of meteorological and oceanographic variables related to the biological productivity of the local coastal region. These variables include strong upwelling, cool sea surface temperature (SST), strong wind mixing, a deep and weakly stratified mixed layer, and low coastal sea level, indicating strong transport of the California Current. Principal component analysis indicates that these variables work in concert to define the dominant modes of physical variability, which appear to regulate nutrient availability and biological productivity. Multiple regression analysis suggests that coho marine survival is significantly and independently related to the dominant modes acting over this region in the periods when the coho first enter the ocean and during the overwintering/spring period prior to their spawning migration. Linear relationships provided good fits to the data and were robust, capable of predicting randomly removed portions of the data set.     

From small-scale habitat loopholes to decadal cycles: a habitat-based hypothesis explaining fluctuation in pelagic fish populations off Peru

The Peru‐Humboldt Current system (HCS) supports the world's largest pelagic fisheries. Among the world's eastern boundary current systems, it is the most exposed to high climatic stress and is directly affected by El Niño and La Niña events. In this volatile ecosystem, fish have been led to develop adaptive strategies in space and time. In this paper, we attempt to understand the mechanisms underlying such strategies, focusing on the El Niño 1997–98 in Peru from which an extensive set of hydrographic, capture and acoustic survey data are available. An integrated analysis of the data is crucial, as each has substantial shortcomings individually; for example, both catch data and acoustic surveys may easily lead to wrong conclusions. Existing hypotheses on anchovy and sardine alternations lead us to a ‘habitat‐based’ synthetic hypothesis. Using our data, an integrated approach evaluated how fish responded to habitat variation, and determined the consequences in terms of fish‐population variability. Various factors occurring at a range of different spatio‐temporal scales were considered: interdecadal regime (warm ‘El Viejo’/cool ‘La Vieja’ decadal scale); strength and the duration of the El Niño Southern Oscillation event (interannual scale); population condition before the event (interannual scale); fishing pressure and other predation (annual scale); changes in reproductive behaviour (intra‐annual scale); presence of local upwelling (local scale). During El Niño 1997–98, anchovy was able to exploit a small‐scale temporal and spatial ‘loophole’ inside the general unfavourable conditions. Moreover, sardine did not do better than anchovy during this El Niño and was not able to take advantage of the ‘loophole’ opened by this short‐term event. Our results question the traditional view that El Niño is bad for anchovy and good for sardine.     

Influences of El Niño on assemblages of mesopelagic fish larvae along the Pacific coast of Baja California Sur

Seasonal assemblages of mesopelagic fish larvae and changes related with environmental factors (plankton biomass, sea surface temperature anomaly, upwelling, and the multivariate El Niño index) were investigated. From 1982 to 1987, 16 oceanographic cruises were carried out along the Pacific coast of Baja California Sur, Mexico. Larvae of 42 mesopelagic fish taxa were collected. Larval abundance was highly variable during the studied period, but summer months coincided with higher abundance (>200 larvae under 10 m²). Larval assemblages were dominated by three of the most common species of tropical (Vinciguerria lucetia, Diogenichthys laternatus) and subtropical affinity (Triphoturus mexicanus). A group of species of tropical affinity (Diplophos proximus, Diaphus pacificus, Benthosema panamense) was useful for distinguishing the 1982–84 El Niño event, and an assemblage of larvae of temperate affinity (Symbolophorus californiensis, Melamphaes lugubris, Bathylagus ochotensis, Leuroglossus stilbius, Protomyctophum crockeri) characterized ‘normal’ years (mid‐1984 to mid‐1987).     

贵南县乡镇农业技术推广体系存在的问题及其对策建议

乡镇农业技术推广体系是实施科技兴农战略的重要力量,乡镇农业技术推广人员对于提高农民科学文化整体素质起到重要作用。笔者通过对贵南县乡镇农业技术推广现状分析,指出乡镇农业技术推广工作存在着基础设施条件差、推广经费不足、管理体制不顺、推广工作难度大、专业技术人员少、业务素质不高、农技人员待遇低等突出问题,并结合实际,有针对性地提出了搞好乡镇农业技术推广工作的对策建议。     

南海灯光罩网沉降性能研究

根据2013年3月至4月南海灯光罩网渔船测定的沉降深度数据及搜集的渔船操作数据和海洋环境数据,对南海灯光罩网沉降深度和沉降速度与时间的关系进行了研究,并构建多元线性回归模型分析了灯光罩网最大沉降深度与放网时间、海流速度等因子的影响关系。结果显示:(1)网口纲一边沉降过程中沉降深度呈现两端深中间浅的趋势,网口纲两端最大沉降深度基本一致;(2)网口纲一边沉降速度呈现两端快中间慢的趋势,网口纲两端沉降速度都在10 m水深达到最大,而网口纲中部在5 m水深达到最大;(3)网具沉降深度与时间的关系式为H=-0.0008t2+0.4766t+1.2063(R2=0.9985),网具沉降速度与时间的关系式为:V=-1E-07t2-0.0018t+0.5269(R2=0.8813);(4)多元线性回归分析显示放网时间、风流向夹角、绞纲时间对网具最大沉降深度影响极为显著(P0.001),而海流速度、风力对网具最大沉降深度影响不太显著(P0.1);且各影响因子之间不存在多重共线性(κ=2.396100)。可为改善南海灯光罩网沉降性能提供参考,并为海上生产提供指导。     

水生蔬菜加工的现状及建议

水生蔬菜是我国特有的蔬菜,其产业的发展随着我国经济水平的提高而增强,而加工被认为是整个产业发展的重要环节。本文就水生蔬菜的加工进展作详细的论述,同时对水生蔬菜的发展提出了一些建设性的建议。     

十堰市蔬菜产业现状及对策

十堰市蔬菜产业在逆境中稳定发展,产品总量逐年增加,经济效益不断提升,基地类型趋于优化,科技应用逐步深入,市场流通相对完善,龙头企业稳步壮大,同时也面临着生产成本高、交易成本高、生产风险大、加工损耗大等挑战,且供求矛盾和价格波动长期存在。对十堰市蔬菜产业建设稳定的现状及主要问题进行剖析,系统性地提出了十堰市蔬菜产业发展对策,即明确责任目标,完善规划布局,强化政策支撑,保增基地面积,完善服务网络,做强龙头企业,整合品牌资源,完善建管机制。     

孝感市蔬菜产业现状、存在问题及对策

孝感市是湖北省三大蔬菜主产区之一,具有发展蔬菜产业的有利条件,产业发展迅速,但仍存在现代化水平不高、组织化程度低、抵御市场风险能力弱等一系列问题,通过调查研究,提出了发展蔬菜生产的几点对策。     

Synchronicity in southern hemisphere squid stocks and the influence of the Southern Oscillation and Trans Polar Index

Squid are short lived, with highly labile populations that respond rapidly to changes in environmental conditions. This makes them a good model for studying the response of recruitment processes to environmental signals. This study examines the influence of the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) and Trans Polar Index (TPI) on the environment and abundance of six species of commercially important squid from the southern hemisphere, all linked to major current systems connected by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current: Dosidicus gigas (Southeast Pacific), Loligo vulgaris reynaudii (Southeast Atlantic), Nototodarus sloanii, N. gouldi (Southwest Pacific), Illex argentinus and L. gahi (Southwest Atlantic). All fisheries displayed a high level of inter‐annual variability and a degree of synchronicity was seen to occur in the abundance of the three Pacific species. The SOI signal was reflected in the environment of each fishery, particularly in Pacific regions. Both indices are correlated with squid abundance, particularly during the early life history stages (SOI) and adult stages (TPI), suggesting some degree of latitudinal separation, with juveniles potentially influenced by environmental variability at lower latitudes and adults at higher latitudes.     

Sardine and anchovy regime fluctuations of abundance in four regions of the world oceans: a workshop report

Regimes of high abundance of sardine (Sardinops sagax and Sardina pilchardus) have alternated with regimes of high abundance of anchovy (Engraulis spp.) in each of the five regions of the world where these taxa co-occur and have been extensively fished. When one taxon has been plentiful, the other has usually been at a reduced level of abundance, and vice versa. Changes in the four heavily fished regions that support S. sagax–the Japanese, Californian, Humboldt, and Benguela systems–from a regime dominated by one taxon to a high level of abundance of the other have occurred more or less simultaneously. In the Pacific Ocean, sardines have tended to increase during periods of increasing global air and sea temperatures and anchovies to decrease. The Japanese system is dominated by sardines to a greater extent than the other systems, and sardines off Japan appear to increase as the Kuroshio Current cools. At the eastern edge of the Pacific Ocean, sardines colonize cooler areas during periods of warming. The Benguela system is out of phase with the three Pacific systems. The four systems all appeared to be in a state of flux in the 1980s. Increased abundance of the subdominant taxon is often one of the first signs of change. Sardines are relatively sedentary in refuge areas when scarce but change behavior to become highly migratory and colonize cooler areas when abundant. Anchovies, by contrast, expand around a fixed geographic center.