奶牛乳房炎对主要牛奶成分的影响

通过选择年龄、胎次、产奶量、泌乳期等指标相近的健康奶牛4头,临床型乳房炎自然发病病例4头,连续7d分别抽取4头乳房炎患牛正常乳区、患病乳区及4头健康奶牛的牛奶进行测定,测定乳房炎病牛治疗过程中的乳蛋白、乳脂、密度、非脂乳固体、乳干物质、乳糖等成分含量,并对这些测定数据进行相关性差异分析。结果显示,同一头患牛的患病乳区的各乳成分含量极显著高于正常乳区;乳房炎患牛正常乳区组、异常乳区组与健康奶牛组的乳成分含量均存在显著性差异(P<0.05)或极显著差异(P<0.01),健康奶牛的乳脂含量极显著高于乳房炎患牛正常和异常乳区组;乳房炎患牛的正常、异常乳区组与健康奶牛组的牛奶成分含量均值图存在明显变化趋势,健康牛组的牛奶成分在一周内保持稳定,而乳房炎患牛的正常与异常乳区在一周内都存在曲折上升和不断上升的过程。乳房炎患牛正常乳区各成分含量显著低于异常乳区。乳房炎患牛的乳蛋白、非脂乳固体、乳糖含量高于健康牛,乳脂低于健康牛,乳干物质则与健康牛保持相对平衡。     

Using rumination time to manage health and reproduction in dairy cattle: a review

Early detection of disease is the key to successful management of the dairy cattle which leads to timely treatment and prevention of costs associated with prolonged treatment and reduced milk yield. Electronic systems that allow for monitoring of physiological parameters like rumination, are now commercially available. This review paper discusses different aspects of rumination time that could be used to monitor the health and reproduction of dairy cattle. This review paper explored different areas where rumination time could be utilized in monitoring dairy cattle at calving, during the estrus period, during heat stressed conditions, and to detect diseases and transition cow disorders. In conclusion, rumination time could be used as an indicator of the health status in dairy cattle.     

Follicular dynamics during the pre-ovulatory and subsequent first follicular wave stages affect the pregnancy outcome in Japanese Black cows

The diameters of the pre-ovulatory follicles (PF) and the largest follicle during the subsequent first follicular wave (W1LF), and plasma estradiol-17β (E₂) concentrations were monitored on Days 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 (ovulation = Day 1). Pregnancy was diagnosed on Day 30. Cows were classified into two groups according to the location of the dominant follicle ipsilateral (IG) or contralateral (CG) to the corpus luteum on Day 7. From Days 3 to 7, some follicles that had been determined as the subordinate in the previous examination exceeded the W1LF located in the opposite ovary in terms of the diameter. These were defined as switching (SW), whereas others were defined as non-switching (NSW). The diameter of PF was significantly smaller in pregnant (P) animals than in non-pregnant (NP) animals. The plasma E₂ concentration on Day 0 was significantly higher in P animals than in NP animals and tended to be higher in NSW than in SW. In addition, plasma E₂ concentrations around Days 3 to 7 tended to be higher in P animals of NSW than in NP animals of SW. The conception rates did not differ between IG and CG but were significantly higher in NSW than in SW. In the IG group, the conception rate tended to be higher in NSW than in SW.     

PMSG诱导荷斯坦青年母牛发情试验研究

[目的]为了诱导始配年龄的部分青年母牛发情,提高奶牛的繁殖效益.[方法]对20头荷斯坦青年奶牛应用孕马血清PMSG注射用绒促性腺素进行诱导发情处理.[结果]处理后1～9 d内出现发情的有18头,发情率为90%,未发情率为10%;5头对照牛发情率为10%,未发情率为90%(P<0.01).[结论]PMSG处理诱导青年母牛发情的效果显著、确实、可靠.     

添加复合预混料对奶牛抗氧化作用影响的试验研究

[目的]研究复合预混料对奶牛抗氧化作用的影响.[方法]把20头奶牛随机分成2组,分别为试验组和对照组,试验组奶牛精料补充料中添加2%预混料,180 d后测定试验组和对照组血清中T-SOD、GSH-Px活性和MDA含量.[结果]与对照组相比,试验组可以提高T-SOD和GSH-Px的活性,降低MDA含量.[结论]添加复合预混料可以提高奶牛的抗氧化能力.     

奶牛隐孢子虫Nested PCR—RFLP方法的建立及初步应用

为快速检测并准确鉴别奶牛隐孢子虫种,以隐孢子虫18S rRNA基因的特殊区域为基础,设计内、外引物,并根据软件分析确定相应的内切酶EcoT141,采用Nested PCR-RFLP方法进行虫种种型鉴别分析。在Nested PCR两次PCR反应中,以微小隐孢子虫（Cryptos poridium parvum,C．p）和安氏隐孢子虫（Cryptosporidium andersoni,C．an）卵囊提取的DNA为模板,均能扩增出长约800bp和500bp的明亮条带,且特异性强,其他虫种不能扩增出条带,该方法最低可检测到5个卵囊／g粪便;对于由内引物扩增出的500bp的条带,C.an的PCR产物能被内切酶EcoT141酶切,酶切后的片段分别为416bp和92bp,C.p的PCR产物不能被此酶酶切。用所建立的Nested PCR-RFLP法对上海奶牛389头和进口奶牛200头的共计589份粪样进行检测,Nested PCR的结果表明上海奶牛和进口奶牛的隐孢子虫阳性率分别为19．02％和3．5％,RFLP的结果表明上海奶牛感染的主要是Cp和C．an,进口奶牛感染的主要是C．p。研究结果表明,本研究建立的检测奶牛粪便中的隐孢子虫的NestedPCR-RFLP法,可用于奶牛隐孢子虫流行病学调查并有效鉴别奶牛隐孢子虫种。     

The influence of the environment on dairy cow behavior, claw health and herd lameness dynamics

Free stall housing increases the exposure of dairy cows’ claws to concrete walk-ways and to manure between periods of rest, and generally shows the highest rate of lameness compared with other dairy management systems. However, there is great variation within a system, and the rate of new cases of lameness can be reduced to very low levels provided time spent resting per day is maximized through good stall design, access to stalls through stocking density control and comfortable transition cow facilities, limiting the time spent milking, provision of adequate heat abatement, and good leg hygiene. Sand bedded stalls are useful as they also permit lame cows to maintain adequate daily rest. Rubberized alley flooring surfaces benefit the cow by reducing claw wear and trauma compared to concrete, making them ideal for parlor holding areas and long transfer lanes and walk ways. However, caution is required when using rubber floors in pens with uncomfortable stalls due to apparent adverse effects on cow time budgets, which may in turn have a detrimental effect on lameness.     

聊城市奶牛临床型乳房炎病原菌的分离鉴定

对聊城市郊区三个不同规模奶牛场的29头奶牛115份奶样进行病原菌的分离鉴定,共分离出10种110株细菌,链球菌29株占25.22%;葡萄球菌26株占22.61%;肠杆菌19株占15.65%;酵母菌18株占16.52%;棒状杆菌8株占6.96%.奶样病原菌阳性率为79.13%,奶样混合感染率为20%.确定聊城市奶牛临床型乳房炎主要由链球菌、葡萄球菌、肠杆菌和酵母菌引起.     

胎衣不下奶牛胎盘中TNF-α和IL-10含量变化的研究

[目的]通过研究胎衣不下奶牛胎盘组织中TNF-α和IL-10含量的变化,探讨奶牛发生胎衣不下的免疫学机制。[方法]采集健康奶牛和胎衣不下奶牛的胎儿胎盘,制备胎盘组织匀浆液,用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）检测其中的TNF-α和IL-10含量。[结果]胎衣不下组奶牛胎盘组织中的TNF-α含量高于健康组奶牛,差异极显著（P〈0．01）;IL-10含量低于健康组奶牛,差异显著（P〈0．05）。[结论]胎盘组织中TNF-α和IL-10的含量与奶牛胎衣不下的发生有着密切关系。     

奶牛乳房炎无乳链球菌培养基的筛选及影响因素研究

[目的]筛选制备奶牛乳房炎疫苗生产菌株的无乳链球菌最佳培养基。[方法]将培养好的无乳链球菌接种于舍不同浓度葡萄糖的改良肉汤、优化培养基和THB培养基中,培养过程中补加NaOH调节pH值,观察不同处理对无乳链球菌生长情况的影响。[结果]无乳链球菌在优化培养基中生长良好,其次为THB培养基,改良肉汤不适合无乳链球菌生长。无乳链球菌在含10g／L葡萄糖的优化培养基中生长最好。在培养过程中的对数生长期内补加NaOH,调节pH值,能明显提高细菌的产量,并能延长其对数生长期。[结论]该研究为奶牛乳房炎多联苗的深入研究奠定了基础。