应用草坪生态系统于城市生态建设的思考

通过对作为生态城市的重要子系统--草坪生态系统的含义及其生态效益的认识,提出一些有利城市生态建设的种草新模式,并对应用草坪生态系统于城市生态建设过程中存在的一些问题进行探讨.     

土地利用变化与生态服务功能冲突——以安塞县为例

安塞县位于黄土丘陵沟壑区,经济落后,农业生产水平较低.从土地利用和生态服务功能变化与冲突的角度,分析安塞县农业、环境与生态保护的变化过程与相互作用,指出安塞土地利用变化突出表现为坡地耕垦所引发的土地利用结构的改变;生态服务功能的冲突则主要表现为食物生产与水土保持之间的矛盾.通过资源的有效利用,在实现食物安全的同时,水土流失得到有效控制是完全可能的.     

陕北黄土高原生态资产与区域生态安全程度研究

在GIS支持下,通过测定陕北黄土高原植被生产和生态调节的物质量及生态资产价值.结果表明:①通过计算,陕北黄土高原每年的生态资产总价值为7.00×1010元,其中释放氧气的价值最高,占总价值的29.51%;土壤保持价值最小,占总价值的1.5%.而就植被类型而言,果树的生态价值最高,占总价值的43.89%;最小是沼泽,占总价值的0.4%.②通过地理信息系统与生态学的结合,对陕北黄土高原的生态资产进行定量测量,并利用GIS软件的空间分析功能,绘制了陕北黄土高原生态资产价值空间分布图.③陕北黄土高原生态安全程度为0.45,处于生态不安全状态,负荷超载,要狠抓生态建设.④针对陕北黄土高原环境现状,提出相应的治理对策.     

基于生态系统视角的乡村旅游空间地域性探讨

尽管人们对乡村旅游作了大量的研究,但对基本概念仍未取得一致。文章在对国内外研究情况综述的基础上,从生态系统的新视角对乡村旅游空间地域性进行了探讨,认为这对相关概念的辨析、指导乡村旅游发展规划等有积极的意义。     

Quantifying the nitrogen retention capacity of natural wetlands in the large-scale drainage basin of the Baltic Sea

We estimate the nitrogen retention capacity of natural wetlands in the 1.7 million km² Baltic Sea drainage basin, using a wetland GIS data base. There are approximately 138,000 km² of wetlands (bogs and fens) in the Baltic Sea drainage basin, corresponding to 8% of the area. The input of nitrogen to natural wetlands from atmospheric deposition was estimated to 55,000–161,000 ton y¹. A map of the deposition of both wet and dry nitrogen is presented. The input from the human population was estimated to 255,000 ton y¹ in terms of excretory release in processed sewage water. There may also be leakage from forests and agricultural land into the wetlands. Due to lack of data on hydrology and topography, such potential nitrogen sources are not accounted for here. The capacity of the wetlands to retain the atmospheric deposition of nitrogen was estimated to 34,000–99,000 ton y¹. The potential retention by wetlands was estimated to 57,000–145,000 ton y¹ when the nitrogen input from the human population was added. If drained wetlands were to be restored and their area added to the present wetland area, the nitrogen retention capacity was estimated to increase to 196,000–261,000 ton y¹. Our results indicate that existing natural wetlands in the Baltic Sea drainage basin annually can retain an amount of nitrogen which corresponds to about 5–13% of annual total (natural and anthropogenic) nitrogen emissions entering the Baltic Sea. The ecosystem retention service performed by wetlands accounts for a substantial nitrogen removal, thereby reducing the eutrophication of the Baltic Sea.     

2000－2010年中国退牧还草工程区生态系统宏观结构和质量及其动态变化

本研究以生态学理论为基础，以空间信息技术为支撑，基于遥感数据、气象数据和地面观测数据，通过多源数据融合、生态模型模拟和尺度转换手段，分析中国退牧还草综合治理工程区2000－2010年生态系统宏观结构和质量的时空分布及变化趋势，探讨生态系统变化的自然和人文驱动机制，为退牧还草工程的生态成效评估提供理论依据。研究结果表明，1）2000－2010年，草地生态系统面积保持平稳，生态系统宏观结构稳定，但局部区域仍存在草地与农田、湿地和荒漠间的相互转化；2）研究区草地退化趋势已得到初步遏制，植被覆盖度略有增长，叶面积指数略呈波动式增加，净初级生产力呈显著上升，草地植被呈现恢复转好态势，生态系统总体质量有所提高，生态环境向良性演变；3）研究区生态状况具有空间差异性，总体转好，局部变差，各亚区整体水平排序为内蒙古东部退化草原治理区＞青藏高原江河源退化草原治理区＞新疆退化草原治理区＞蒙甘宁西部退化草原治理区；4）退牧还草工程的实施有利于草地保护，气候暖湿化促进植被生长与恢复，人类活动干扰局部地区生态系统，三者共同影响研究区总体生态状况。     

小水电工程施工期环境监理研究:以乐东县富光水电站为例

小水电工程施工对生态环境的影响是严重的，通过施工期环境监理，实施合理的环境保护措施，有效监管小水电施工期中的环境影响行为，将有效地使生态环境影响降到最低。富光水电站工程施工期引入环境监理后，从遵循自然规律和生态学原理、维护良好的生态环境出发，确保工程完工后，大大减免了工程施工期对生态环境带来的负面影响，取得社会、经济和生态效益的协调、统一、共赢。     

蔗田生态高效模式的研究与利用

介绍了蔗田生态系统的结构与特点，分析了弥勒蔗田7种生态高效模式的经济效益及示范推广情况，并提出了蔗田生态高效模式的调控措施，包括精细整地，合理选配间套作物品种，充分利用立体空间，规格化种植，配套相应的栽培管理技术等。     

Watershed Health Characterization Using Reliability–Resilience–Vulnerability Conceptual Framework Based on Hydrological Responses

An attempt was made to employ the reliability (R_el)–resilience (R_es)–vulnerability (V_ul) conceptual framework to develop a typical indicator system for quantitative assessment of watershed health. The study aimed to conceptualize and customize the R_elR_esV_ul framework to watershed health assessment for the Shazand Watershed in Markazi Province, Iran, for the period of 1977–2014. To this end, four easily, reliable, available and accessible criteria viz. standardized precipitation index (SPI), low and high flow discharges (LFD and HFD), and suspended sediment concentration (SSC) were selected, and corresponding indices for reliability–resilience–vulnerability (R_elR_esV_ul) framework were accordingly conceptualized and calculated. The thresholds of 0.1, 0.16 m³ s⁻¹, 12.63 m³ s⁻¹ and 25 mg l⁻¹ day⁻¹ were thus selected for SPI, LFD, HFD and SSC, respectively. The results showed a decreasing trend in R_el and R_es, and an increasing trend in V_ul for SPI and LFD in the Shazand Watershed. The results further showed an increasing trend in R_el, and a decreasing trend in V_ul for HFD and SSC. A decreasing trend was ultimately recognized in watershed health index for all criteria except SSC. Additionally, the integrated hydrological watershed health index of 0.16 ± 0.11 obtained from the geometric mean of the R_elR_esV_ul framework indices also showed a decreasing trend for the Shazand Watershed health during the study period. The results of the present initiative study can be considered as a baseline by decision makers and managers to effectively adjust watershed management strategies to handle land degradation issues in the area. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

全球变化背景下生物入侵对城市生态系统的影响

主要阐述生物入侵在与其他全球变化因子(如臭氧层损耗、CO2浓度增加、酸雨、土地利用方式变化等)的作用下,对城市生态系统稳定性的影响。