转轮下环间隙对混流式水轮机内部流动特性的影响

水轮机转轮间隙内的泄漏涡、泄漏流等复杂的湍流易影响水轮机的性能与稳定性。为了分析下环间隙对混流式水轮机能量特性和内部流态的影响,该文基于N-S方程和SST湍流模型,考虑了0.6 Qd(Qd为设计流量工况)、0.8 Qd、Qd、1.2 Qd共4种流量工况,对5种下环间隙下的混流式水轮机模型机进行三维全流道数值计算。通过对比不同下环间隙方案对混流式水轮机效率与容积损失的影响,结合不同水轮机内部流场特征,分析下环间隙与水轮机性能的关系。计算结果表明:下环间隙由0.4 mm增大到1.3 mm,机组泄漏量增大,水轮机效率整体呈下降趋势。其中,当机组在小流量0.6 Qd工况运行时,间隙对水轮机能量特性影响最为明显,效率下降了4.1个百分点。当机组在小流量0.6 Qd与0.8 Qd工况运行时,下环间隙增大,间隙内部流场与尾水管内部流场呈现小幅度恶化;当机组在大流量1.2 Qd工况运行时,下环间隙增大,转轮叶片吸力面压力分布以及尾水管内部流场均得到改善。该研究可为混流式水轮机结构设计提供有效参考。     

麻山药种植田沙壤土流动性离散元模型颗粒放尺效应

为简化麻山药-沙壤土复合体离散元模型，提高离散单元法在农业领域中的计算效率，以沙壤土为研究对象，在EDEM离散元软件中构建非球形颗粒，进行双目标参数标定试验，采用放大颗粒粒径方法，利用转鼓、坍塌与FT4流变仿真试验，从颗粒群动态堆积角、流动质量、流动速率以及能量等方面探究了颗粒放尺效应对颗粒群物理特性的影响。试验结果表明：干燥处理后的2 mm粒径沙壤土基质静态堆积角和动态堆积角平均值分别为32.16°和35.02°；与独立标定试验相比，双目标标定试验获得的仿真参数更具准确性与唯一性；在动态堆积角试验中，真实沙壤土颗粒在转鼓中所形成的动态堆积角随粒径和旋转速度的增大而减小，而在仿真试验中，转鼓转速相同情况下，非球形颗粒群在增大粒径的情况下所产生的动态休止角差异较小；坍塌试验中，不同粒径颗粒群在流动过程中的流动质量与平均流速变化趋势基本一致，但误差随粒径增大而增大；颗粒质量相同时，将粒径分别放大2倍及4倍，颗粒数量同比减少87.24%、98.92%，仿真时间明显缩短，计算效率显著提高；FT4流变试验表明，当放尺因子S为2时，阻力FV及其力矩T随时间变化的拟合曲线值约为原尺时的2倍，而当放尺因子S为4时，与原尺相比，拟合曲线斜率差异显著，相关性明显降低。研究结果可为构建沙壤土离散元放尺模型提供理论依据，同时也可为农业工程离散元放尺仿真计算提供一定参考。     

无人机机载激光雷达提取果树单木树冠信息

定株管理是未来果园精准生产管理的趋势，果树单木树冠信息的提取是定株管理的关键。该研究利用无人机采集的苹果园激光探测与测量数据（Light Detection and Ranging，LiDAR）检测和测量每棵果树的树冠面积和树冠直径，并评价空间分辨率对于果树单木树冠检测与提取的影响。该方法主要包括使用反距离权重插值法间接生成冠层高度模型（Canopy Height Model，CHM）；使用局部极大值滤波算法和标记控制分水岭分割算法（Marked-Controlled Watered Segmentation，MCWS）对果树进行单木树冠检测与提取，通过与参考数据的比较，评估了该方法的精度，并定量分析了空间分辨率对于单木树冠检测与信息提取结果的敏感性。结果表明，该方法有效地实现果树单木树冠检测与信息提取，代表果树检测精度的F1得分为94.86%，树冠轮廓提取准确率为86.39%，树冠面积的提取数据集和参考数据集的线性拟合结果决定系数和归一化均方根误差分别为0.81和20.56%，树冠直径的提取数据集和参考数据集的线性拟合结果决定系数和归一化均方根误差分别为0.85和14.79%，树冠面积和直径不同程度地被高估。此外，冠层高度模型的空间分辨率接近果树平均树冠直径的1/10时精度最高，可以有效检测果树单木树冠及提取树冠轮廓，从而准确提取果树单木树冠信息。     

基于Kjeldahl与Dumas方法的农作物秸秆总氮含量分析

凯氏定氮法(Kjeldahl)与杜马斯燃烧法(Dumas)是测定农业生物质总氮含量的主要检测手段,但二者的测定结果数值存在差异。该研究获取农作物秸秆样本(水稻、小麦、玉米、油菜和棉花)共计1 179个,分别采用Kjeldahl和Dumas方法测定总氮(TKN和TCN,total Kjeldahl nitrogen and total combustion nitroyen)含量,通过多种统计与分析方法,系统分析比较了不同农作物秸秆总氮含量及其分布的异同和相关关系。结果表明:不同农作物秸秆氮含量分布均呈非正态分布,建议采用中位数统计;5种秸秆总体的TKN质量分数为(7.12±1.87) g/kg,TCN质量分数为(8.00±2.13) g/kg,TKN含量显著小于TCN含量;小麦和棉花秸秆的TKN含量和TCN含量与其他秸秆间均存在显著差异(P <0.05);不同生物质TKN含量与TCN含量关系不同,建议采用最小中位数二乘法进行拟合分析。研究结果可为农作物秸秆科学利用提供数据及方法互通性支撑。     

采用多元统计分析方法构建南极磷虾粉品质评价体系

南极磷虾是一种重要的战略性海洋生物资源，营养价值高，资源量大，开发利用前景广阔。为了构建南极磷虾粉品质评价体系，为南极磷虾粉品质的科学评价提供依据。通过检测15项南极磷虾粉品质指标，采用因子分析筛选品质评价指标，应用概率分布分级品质评价指标，通过层次分析确定品质评价指标权重，利用K-均值聚类分析和判别分析建立南极磷虾粉品质判别函数。结果表明：1）南极磷虾粉品质指标之间离散度有差异，变异系数在8.89%～84.46%；2）从15项指标中选择6项作为南极磷虾粉品评价指标（蛋白质、脂质、盐分、赖氨酸、生育酚、挥发性盐基氮）；3）建立了南极磷虾粉品质评价指标的分级标准和评分标准；4）建立了南极磷虾粉品质判别函数，判别率较高。该研究构建的南极磷虾粉品质评价体系为南极磷虾粉品质评价提供了科学依据，可以用于南极磷虾粉的品质定性判别和评价。     

基于气象-生理的夏玉米作物系数及蒸散估算

准确估算作物系数对预测作物实际蒸散量和制定精准的灌溉计划至关重要。为反映作物逐日作物系数变化,综合考虑气象和生物因子对作物生长的共同影响,采用五道沟水文实验站大型蒸渗仪夏玉米实测蒸散及气象数据,基于地温及叶面积指数建立了气象-生理双函数乘法模型,并结合梯度下降法对模型进行了精度优化。结果表明,在整个玉米生长期中,作物系数实测值和计算值平均绝对误差为0.12,均方根误差为0.15,相关性为0.91,蒸散量实测值与计算值平均绝对误差为1.0 mm/d,均方根误差为4.5 mm/d,相关性为0.75。该模型计算的全生育期蒸散量准确率(误差在2～3 mm/d以内)相比使用联合国粮农组织(FAO)推荐的作物系数计算所得准确率提高了3倍以上,可更精确用于作物系数及蒸散量计算。     

Drag force and reconfiguration of cultivated Saccharina latissima in current

The design of aquaculture systems requires an understanding of the drag forces on cultivated kelp. This study measured the drag on line segments of cultivated Saccharina latissima in a towing tank. The drag on segments of farm line with full kelp bundles and with stipes alone (fronds removed) was measured at tow speeds of 0.10 to 0.50 m/s. The drag on individual fronds cut from the line was also measured. Video images were collected to evaluate the plant reconfiguration. Both kelp blades and stipes contributed to the total drag force on the line bundle. Within the velocity range of our experiments, the kelp blades were essentially horizontal. However, the pronation of kelp stipes increased as flow velocity increased. The reconfiguration of kelp stipes was observed to decrease the vertical extent of the kelp bundle. Due to this reconfiguration, the measured force, $F$, increased with velocity, $U$, at a rate slower than quadratic, and was consistent with scaling laws derived for reconfiguration. Specifically, $F\sim U^{\alpha }$ with $\alpha =1.35\pm 0.17$.     

Performance evaluation of venturi aeration system

The venturi aeration is an effective practice to increase the dissolved oxygen accessibility in the water bodies. This study aims to optimize the various geometrical parameters of the venturi aeration system. A non-dimensional technique was applied to find the optimum performance of various geometric parameters i.e. throat lengths (t_l), number of air holes (N), and converging and diverging angles (α and β). These experiments have been carried out using 1124 L capacity of tank having dimensions of 105 cm long, 105 cm wide and 102 cm deep. The experiments were conducted at a constant flow velocity of water (1.096 m/s) with varying throat length (t_l = 20–100 mm keeping 20 mm as interval between two consecutive length), number of air holes (N = 1–17 at an equal hole to hole distance of 5 mm between them), and converging and diverging angles (α and β = 10°, 15°, 20° and 25°). Multiple non-linear regression equations were also developed from the linear relation with the dependent variable (Non-dimensional form of standard aeration efficiency, NDSAE) and independent variables (t_l and N). With the geometrically optimized venturi aerator the optimum performance was found for t_l =100 mm, N = 17, and α and β = 15°. The maximum value of standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR) and standard aeration efficiency (SAE) obtained was 0.0216 kgO₂/h and 0.611 kgO₂/kWh respectively. From the non-dimensional study, it was found that the NDSAE is the function Reynolds number (Re) and Froude number (Fr). The simulation equations were developed on the basis of Re and Fr for NDSAE, and subjected to 7.378 × 10⁻⁶ < Re < 3.689 × 10^-5 and 0.163 < Fr < 0.817, respectively.     

The Economic Significance of Hunting Tourism in East Lapland,Finland

Uses of game resources are under constant debate. One such debate focuses on hunting tourism and its contributions to rural economics. To prioritize future investment and inform policy decisions, it is necessary to identify the full economic consequences of the operation of hunting tourism companies in rural areas. However, the true economic significance of these typically small-scale companies is not apparent when examined on an industrial scale. These companies may nevertheless serve as a sustainable solution to local-scale rural challenges. In this article, the regional economic significance of hunting tourism is estimated for the East Lapland sub-region of northern Finland through the use of Computable General Equilibrium simulation models. Although these models are known to effectively evaluate short- and long-term regional economic effects of industries such as tourism, they have not previously been applied to evaluate hunting tourism.     

The Staged Simulation Method for Power Electronics Circuits

This paper in troduces a staged simulation method fur power electronics circuits,presents an exampleued the method for the CSI/IM drive system.