木塑复合材料的耐老化性能研究

木塑复合材料的老化性能直接关系其使用寿命和适用范围。该研究使用稻壳、橡胶木锯末和橡胶籽壳分别与回收聚乙烯混合制备木塑复合材料,通过色差分析、红外光谱分析研究了3种木塑复合材料经荧光紫外老化后表面颜色、化学成分的变化。结果表明,经2 000 h老化后,3种木塑复合材料表面均出现褪色、羰基浓度增大,并随着老化时间增加而增加。其中橡胶籽壳基WPCs的变化最大,稻壳次之,橡胶锯末最小。     

榆树叶绿色素的提取与性质研究

研究了从榆树叶中提取天然绿色素的工艺方法以及其榆树叶绿色素的理化性质。结果表明：从榆树叶里提取绿色素时用75%的乙醇（pH值7.80）为提取液效果较好;该色素溶解性和热稳定性良好,在pH值为5～9时较稳定。该色素具有一定的开发利用价值。     

后期热固化处理对竹基纤维复合材料性能的影响

对竹基纤维复合材料进行两种条件(80℃处理8h和50℃处理24 h)的热固化处理后,观测其表观形貌,并进行拉伸、压缩、水平剪切性能以及疲劳性能检测.结果表明:经过热固化处理后,竹基纤维复合材料表面有不连续的微小裂纹产生,其拉伸、压缩、水平剪切性能略有提高,疲劳性能则无显著变化.     

Responses of Components of Antioxidant System in Moongbean Genotypes to Cadmium Stress

Four genotypes (Pusa 9531, Pusa 9072, Pusa Vishal, PS‐16) of moongbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] grown in earthen pots were treated with cadmium at 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg kg^?1 soil. Cadmium tolerance (CdT), the ability of a plant to maintain growth at high levels of cadmium (Cd), was calculated as the ratio of dry‐matter production in the untreated and the Cd‐treated soils. The moongbean genotypes showed a differential response to Cd concentrations; Pusa 9531 was identified as Cd tolerant, whereas PS 16 was Cd susceptible. To find out the physiological basis of these differences, we investigated the possible role of antioxidant (enzymatic and nonenzymatic) defense systems. Activities of superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11), and glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) and the amounts of ascorbate and glutathione were monitored in the Cd‐tolerant and Cd‐sensitive moongbean genotypes. The results revealed the presence of a strong antioxidant defense system in the Cd‐tolerant genotype (Pusa 9531) for providing adequate protection against oxidative stress caused by Cd.     

人工低产林改造对生态恢复区土壤理化性质的影响

为了解人工低产林改造对土壤理化性质的影响,于2010年9月-2011年8月对甘肃定西华家岭生态恢复区4个人工低产林改造后的混交林和1个杨树纯林、1个荒草坡对照点的土壤主要理化性质进行了研究.结果表明,杨树纯林的土壤有机质、总N和总P含量均处于较低水平,分别低于荒草坡10.98、0.78、0.10 g/kg;低产林改造后,土壤含水量、有机质和总N含量均有所升高,且随着改造时间的延长呈现出明显的增加趋势.改造8、18、25、31 a的混交林土壤含水量分别高出杨树纯林2.01、7.79、11.38、12.07个百分点,有机质含量分别高出2.96、15.23、20.80、24.96g/kg,总N含量分别高出0.41、1.02、1.48、1.96 g/kg;总P含量在改造初期有所增加,后期维持稳定,改造8、18、25 a的混交林总P含量分别高出杨树纯林0.02、0.06、0.10 g/kg,改造31a和25 a的混交林总P含量相等;低产林改造后土壤pH值略有降低.结果显示,人工低产林改造大大改善了该区土壤环境质量,有利于该区生态环境的恢复重建.     

吉林白鹅(农安籽鹅)品种特性研究

本文较详细地报道了吉林白鹅的品种特性 :体型外貌特征及体尺体重、生长发育规律、产肉性能、产蛋性能、产绒性能、肥肝性能及某些经济性状的遗传参数。结果表明 :吉林白鹅早期生长发育较快 ,其中 2 ,3周龄最快 ;在放牧为主补饲为辅的条件下 ,年均产蛋 60～ 80枚 ,在科学饲养条件下 ,年均产蛋 1 2 5枚 ;含绒率冬季可达 2 4 2 %;成龄体重、产蛋数、绒毛重、肥肝重的h2 分别为 0 57,0 2 8,0 4 1 ,0 52。吉林白鹅的高产蛋性能和含绒率 ,是世界鹅品种中非常罕见和宝贵的高产基因 ,经过进一步系统选育提高 ,可以成为国内外杂交配套系的理想母本。     

Tracing Sediment Sources Using Mid‐infrared Spectroscopy in Arvorezinha Catchment,Southern Brazil

The widespread adoption of the sediment fingerprinting approach to guide catchment management has been limited by the cost and the difficulty to prepare and process samples for geochemical and radionuclide analyses. Spectral properties have recently been shown to provide a rapid and cost‐efficient alternative for this purpose. The current research objective was (i) to quantify the sediment source contributions in a 1∙19‐km² rural catchment of Southern Brazil by using mid‐infrared (MIR) spectroscopy and (ii) to compare these results with those obtained with geochemical approach and near‐infrared and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy methods. The sediment sources to discriminate were cropland surface (n  = 20), unpaved roads (n  = 10) and stream channel banks (n  = 10). Twenty‐nine suspended sediment samples were collected at the catchment outlet during nine significant flood events. The sources could be distinguished by MIR spectroscopy. Cropland and channel bank sources mainly differed in their clay mineral contents, but their similar organic matter content complicated the MIR‐model predictions. Unpaved road contributions were discriminated from the other sources by their lower organic carbon content. When the results of the current research based on MIR spectroscopy are compared with those obtained using other sediment fingerprinting approaches, based on geochemistry and near‐infrared and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, an overestimation of channel banks contribution and an underestimation of cropland and unpaved road contributions is found. These results suggest that MIR spectroscopy can provide a useful tool that is non‐destructive, rapid and cheap for tracing sediment sources in rural catchments and for guiding the implementation of soil and water conservation measures. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

木质素/PVC复合材料的研究与发展

阐述了将木质素磺酸盐与聚氯乙烯(PVC)熔融挤出制备木质素/PVC复合材料。该产品物理力学性能优于普通人造板,无甲醛释放,可循环再利用,有很好的环境效益。     

氮磷硫共掺杂生物质基多孔炭的制备及其电化学性能

为了提升农林废弃物在储能领域的高附加值利用，该研究以杉木屑为原料，磷酸三聚氰胺为磷、氮源，基于冷冻NaOH/硫脲体系溶解木质原料中纤维素，通过一步热解制备氮、磷、硫共掺杂多孔炭，并考察活化温度、NaOH/杉木屑质量比和冷冻条件对多孔炭结构及电化学性能的影响。通过X射线光电子能谱（XPS， X-ray photoelectron spectroscop ）和比表面积分析仪（BET，Brunauer-Emmett-Teller）研究多孔炭的表面结构和孔隙结构；采用循环伏安（CV，cyclic voltammetry）、恒流充放电（GCD，galvanostatic charge/discharge）和交流阻抗（EIS，electrochemical impedance spectroscopy）等测试手段表征其电化学性能。研究结果表明：随着活化温度和NaOH/杉木屑质量比的增加，多孔炭的表面积、全孔孔容和比电容呈现先增加后减小的趋势；冷冻条件和磷酸三聚氰胺的加入可以增加多孔炭的比表面积和全孔孔容，提升电化学性能。当活化温度900 ℃，NaOH/杉木屑质量比为1.2时，制备的氮、磷、硫共掺杂多孔炭的比表面积为2 048 m²/g，全孔孔容为1.655 cm³/g，介孔率为99.7%，氮、磷、硫的含量为3.41%、0.29%、1.40%。三电极体系下、6 mol/L KOH电解液中，当电流密度0.5 A/g时，比电容可达261 F/g。用NPS-900-1.2组装的对称超级电容器5 A/g电流密度条件下，比电容值为108 F/g，循环5 000次后库伦效率接近100%，电容保持率为92%。对称的超级电容器功率密度为248 W/kg时，能量密度可达17.2 Wh/kg。该研究为农林废弃物制备高性能超级电容器提供了参考依据。     

巴旦木分级破壳机设计与试验

为解决巴旦木破壳机械生产效率低、破壳率低和核仁损伤量大等问题，通过研究坚果破壳原理，选用适宜机械加工的大巴旦木（‘莎车3号’）为研究对象,设计了巴旦木分级破壳机，同时进行巴旦木尺寸、破壳力加载方向及加载速度、巴旦木含水率的物料特性分析。结果表明：破壳机破壳辊间隙和含水率对巴旦木破壳力和变形量影响显著。使用试验法优化了巴旦木分级破壳机构工作参数，当两轧辊间距离调整为Ⅰ级14 mm、Ⅱ级13 mm和Ⅲ级12 mm，含水率控制在9.8%～10.5%范围内，转速为1 000 r·min^-1时，测得平均破壳率为95.57%，平均破损率为3.37%，满足实际生产需求。