Decadal trends in abundance,size and condition of Antarctic toothfish in McMurdo Sound,Antarctica, 1972–2011

We report the analyses of a dataset spanning 39 years of near‐annual fishing for Dissostichus mawsoni in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, 1972–2011. Data on total length, condition and catch per unit effort (CPUE) were derived from the > 5500 fish caught, the large majority of which were measured, tagged and released. Contrary to expectation, the length frequency of the McMurdo Sound catch was dominated by fish in the upper two‐thirds of the overall distribution exhibited in the industrial catch for the Ross Sea shelf. Fish length and condition increased from the early 1970s to the early 1990s and then decreased. Fish length positively correlated with Ross Sea ice extent in early spring, a relationship possibly caused by more ice encouraging larger fish to move farther south over the shelf and into the study area. Fish condition positively correlated with the amount of open water in the Ross Sea during the previous summer (Feb), perhaps reflecting greater availability of prey with the higher productivity that more open water brings. Decreasing fish size corresponds to the onset of the fishery, which targets the large individuals. CPUE was constant through 2001 and then decreased dramatically. We hypothesize that this decrease is related to the industrial fishery, which began in the 1996–97 austral summer, and concentrates effort over the ice‐free Ross Sea continental slope. As a result of limited prey choices and close coupling among mesopredators of the region, Antarctic toothfish included, the fishery appears to be dramatically altering the trophic structure of the Ross Sea.     

南极磷虾木瓜蛋白酶酶解产物的营养学评价

分析了经1.5%木瓜蛋白酶55℃酶解3 h后的南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)蛋白酶解产物(上清和沉淀)的营养组成。结果显示:南极磷虾水解度为44.24%;上清冻干物(FDS)中粗蛋白和总糖含量分别为67.13%和13.91%,其必需氨基酸总量(ΣEAA)、鲜味氨基酸总量(ΣDAA)、牛磺酸Tau含量及F值(支链氨基酸/芳香族氨基酸)较酶解前分别提高了8.96%、6.06%、39.10%和16.67%,表明其氨基酸营养价值较酶解前要高。沉淀冻干物(FDP)中粗蛋白和总糖含量分别为44.49%和10.40%,而粗脂肪含量高达33.28%。FDP中总氨基酸含量(ΣAA)、ΣEAA、ΣDAA、Tau含量及F值均下降,但其ΣEAA在ΣAA中的比例高于40%,且8种EAA含量评分均高于FAO/WHO评分模式要求。脂肪酸分析结果表明,FDP中含有饱和脂肪酸(SFA)8种(44.81%),单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)6种(27.55%),多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)7种(27.64%),二十碳五烯酸EPA和二十二碳六烯酸DHA含量较丰富。研究认为在本实验条件下通过木瓜蛋白酶酶解南极磷虾得到的FDS和FDP具有较高的利用价值,可开发为人类重要的蛋白来源。     

南极磷虾粉营养成分的分析与比较

对两种不同来源的南极磷虾粉营养成分进行了分析和评价,并与进口鱼粉的营养成分进行了比较。结果显示,上海开创远洋渔业有限公司开利轮产南极磷虾粉(磷虾粉S)粗蛋白含量为62.89%,高于辽宁远洋渔业有限公司安兴海轮产南极磷虾粉(磷虾粉D)和进口鱼粉的粗蛋白含量,两种磷虾粉粗蛋白质含量分别达到一级品和二级品指标。磷虾粉S、磷虾粉D和进口鱼粉18种氨基酸总量分别为66.36%、57.19%、67.24%,鲜味氨基酸含量较高分别为24.65%、20.69%和25.25%,8种必需氨基酸含量分别为31.43%、21.74%、25.62%,且磷虾粉S必需氨基酸含量明显高于磷虾粉D和鱼粉,磷虾粉S、磷虾粉D和进口鱼粉三种样品必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)分别为57.83、49.89、57.07;磷虾粉S、磷虾粉D和进口鱼粉三种样品脂肪酸中,多不饱和脂肪酸含量较高分别为43.28%、40.25%、46.58%,且磷虾粉S的EPA与DHA的总量(36.14%)高于磷虾粉D(31.30%)及鱼粉(27.65%)。分析结果表明,南极磷虾粉蛋白含量高,且氨基酸组成符合FAO/WHO推荐的蛋白质理想模式,含有丰富的多不饱和脂肪酸,营养价值较高,具有较大的开发利用前景。     

南极磷虾拖网的性能优化分析

针对一顶中国目前正在使用的南极磷虾(Euphausia superba)拖网进行网具优化试验,设计了调整参数为浮沉比、上下手纲(等长)和叉纲的三因子L9(34)正交实验,并在3组L/S(水平扩张比)和5级拖速下完成了135次拖曳试验。结果表明:(1)随着拖速和L/S的增加,网具阻力增加,网口高度降低;(2)流速为3 kn情况下,L/S=0.45时,对阻力(Fs)和网具功率消耗(Ps)影响的主次顺序均为沉力(A)>叉纲(C)>手纲(B),对网口高度(Hs)影响的主次顺序为A>B>C,对能耗系数(Ce)影响的主次顺序为C>A>B,水动力性能的最优组合为A3B3C1;L/S=0.5时,对Fs、Hs和Ps影响的主次顺序均为C>A>B,对Ce影响的主次顺序为B>C>A,最优组合为A2B3C3;L/S=0.55时,对Fs和Ps影响的主次顺序均为C>A>B,对Hs影响的主次顺序为B>A>C,对Ce影响的主次顺序为B>C>A,最优组合为A2B3C3;(3)当L/S极低为0.2时,网口的水平扩张约为23 m,虽然此时网口高度有一定的提高,但网具的综合性能却显著下降,能耗系数增加;(4)增加沉力,适当放长手纲和叉纲可以有效提高已定型网具的性能。为确保在低拖速下达到网具的高扩张性能,应考虑改进网板性能,建议采用低拖速高扩张性网板。     

Effect of krill phospholipids versus soybean lecithin in microdiets for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae on molecular markers of antioxidative metabolism and bone development

The objective of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of dietary marine phospholipids (MPL) obtained from krill and soybean lecithin (SBL) on the rearing performance and development of seabream (Sparus aurata) larvae. Larvae were fed from 16 to 44 day posthatching (dph) five formulated microdiets with three different levels (50, 70 and 90 g kg^–1) of phospholipids (PL) obtained either from an MPL or from a SBL source. Larvae‐fed MPL show a higher survival, stress resistance and growth than those‐fed SBL, regardless the dietary PL level. Overall, the increase in MPL up to 70 g kg^–1 total PL in diet was enough to improve larval gilthead seabream performance, whereas even the highest SBL inclusion level (90 g kg^–1 PL) was not able to provide a similar success in larval growth or survival. Inclusion of SBL markedly increased the peroxidation risk as denoted by the higher TBARs in larvae, as well as a higher expression of CAT, GPX and SOD genes. Moreover, SBL tends to produce larvae with a lower number of mineralized vertebrae and a lower expression of osteocalcin, osteopontin and BMP4 genes. Finally, increasing dietary MPL or SBL lead to a better assimilation of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the larvae, n‐3HUFA (especially 20:5n‐3) or n‐6 fatty acids (especially 18:2n‐6), respectively. In conclusion, MPL had a higher effectiveness in promoting survival, growth and skeletal mineralization of gilthead seabream larvae in comparison with SBL.     

提升稻鱼共生模式的若干关键技术研究

新一轮稻田生态养殖在国内已经广泛开展,为了提升传统的稻鱼共生模式的产量,探讨了不同水平的水稻移栽密度和复合肥(N:P:K=14:2:7)施用量对稻田养鱼产量的影响,以及在不产生面源污染的情况下最适宜稻鱼共生系统的生产模式,通过田间试验对不同的处理所得到的产量进行测定和分析。结果表明：在田鱼产量为750 kg/hm²模式下,适当的增加水稻移栽密度(25 cm×25 cm)能显著增加水稻产量(P=0.005)而不影响田鱼产量(P=0.175);稻鱼共生系统的水稻产量可以降低对复合肥的依赖,将复合肥施用量水平从750 kg/hm²减少到600 kg/hm²,水稻和鱼产量都没有显著性改变,生产成本下降,环境面源污染风险降低。本试验研究提出适合本地生态条件和生产习惯的稻鱼系统管理模式是：水稻移栽密度30 cm×30 cm,复合肥施用480 kg/hm²,投放规格为55±3 g的冬片9000尾/hm²,设计产量为稻7500 kg/hm²、鱼1500 kg/hm²。实践证明,这种优化模式能较好地利用稻鱼共生系统中的各种资源而不产生面源污染等环境压力,可以推荐到全球重要农业文化遗产保护项目青田稻鱼共生系统保护地所在的青田县及其周边乃至全国范围内生态条件及生产消费习惯类似的地区。     

南极磷虾拖网结构优化设计与网具性能试验

目前中国南极磷虾渔业缺乏专用捕捞网具,针对现有网具与渔船匹配性差、网口扩张较小的主要问题,通过分析多种现用南极磷虾拖网结构及性能,提出了缩短南极磷虾捕捞网具总长度和网身长度的优化方案,自主设计了TN01型4片式小网目南极磷虾拖网。实船海上生产测试结果表明:当曳纲长度小于230 m时,囊网部位后翘影响导鱼效果。当曳纲大于230 m后,随着作业水深增加,囊网所处水深增加,拖网网型展开良好,建议网具浮沉比配备为1:1.1;网口垂直扩张与曳纲收放长度关系无显著相关,拖网航速为1.542 m/s时试验网具网口高度为26~29 m,垂直扩张比达到0.11~0.12;随着曳纲长度由90 m放长到370 m,水平扩张也由14 m扩张到20 m,水平扩张比为0.22~0.32;渔获量对比分析表明,昼夜之间渔获量差异不大,白天平均网次产量为33 t,夜晚平均网次产量为28 t,平均每网次渔获产量为30 t,较同渔区作业渔船(平均每网次产量约20 t)提高约50%。试验网具达到设计预估性能、渔获效率理想,可为进一步自主研发南极磷虾捕捞网具提供参考依据。     

调整作业参数对小网目南极磷虾拖网水动力性能的影响

小网目南极磷虾拖网有规格小、操作方便、起放网省时的特点。针对规格为185.4 m×97.5 m(41.8 m)的小网目南极磷虾拖网的水平扩张、浮力、重锤重量、沉力、空纲长度5个作业参数,分别进行3~6次调整试验,测试阻力和网口高度,并比较能耗系数。结果表明:在下纲端部间距分别为16.65、18.75、20.85m 3种水平扩张下,扩大水平扩张可引起网口高度下降,但阻力上升的幅度不大,能耗系数变化不明显;随着浮力的增加,网具阻力、网口高度均呈上升趋势,低拖速下增加浮力对网口高度的提升效果更明显,浮力增加可使网具的能耗系数下降,但在浮力达到19.6 k N后,再增加浮力能耗系数反而有所升高;增加重锤重量和在下中纲处增加沉力对网具阻力的影响效果相近,均呈上升趋势,增加重锤重量对网口高度的提升表现在低拖速时,随着拖速的上升网口高度的提升作用下降;增加沉力可提升网口高度,但在沉力达到14.36 k N后,再增加沉力对网口高度的提升效果不明显,能耗系数反而上升;空纲长度从66 m增加到84 m可明显提高网口高度,而网具阻力上升不明显,能耗系数呈下降趋势。     

挤压加工对南极磷虾粉营养组分的影响

利用双螺杆挤压技术制备南极磷虾粉,采用国标方法分析其营养成分,并与船产南极磷虾粉的营养价值进行了比较,包括船产南极磷虾粉和双螺杆挤压方法制备南极磷虾粉的得率、常规营养组分、氨基酸、脂肪酸以及矿物质和微量元素。结果表明:在3种加工方法(其中双螺杆挤压法分别采用两种前处理法)中,两种双螺杆挤压方法制得的虾粉与船产南极磷虾粉的得率、氨基酸、脂肪酸组成及矿物质和微量元素含量差异较显著;但采用双螺杆挤压经两种不同前处理方法分别制得的南极磷虾粉的得率、氨基酸、脂肪酸组成及矿物质和微量元素含量差异不显著。这可能为所用原料基础特性差异不同所致。本文探索了双螺杆挤压技术应用于南极磷虾粉生产的可行性,也为"低温"南极磷虾粉的制备提供了新的思路。     

南极鱼类适应低温的分子进化研究进展

南大洋是地球上最冷的水域,水温常年在0℃以下,许多生物在南大洋降温过程中走向灭绝,而南极鱼亚目鱼类在南大洋逐渐变冷过程中快速进化,成为冰冻海域最繁盛的脊椎动物。随着越来越多的南极亚目鱼类基因组完成测序和分析,人们对这些鱼类在冰冻环境下生存和繁衍机制的认识也越来越深入和全面。本文从抗冻蛋白的起源、血液发生、抗过氧化机制、铁离子稳态调控、中性浮力的进化和基因组特征等方面综述了南极鱼类适应极端低温的分子进化及发育生物学机制,以期为鱼类抗冻与耐寒机制及适应性进化研究提供新的视角。