淮北平原涝渍兼治的组合排水工程形式

由于淮北平原砂姜黑土区的气候、地形、地貌、水文地质、土壤等多方面原因，致使旱、涝、渍频繁，且涝渍灾害往往是紧密相连，先涝后渍，涝渍相随．造成大面积减产．甚至绝收，旱、涝、渍灾害一直困扰着本区的农业发展。通过试验及调查，从治理涝渍效果、提高农业产量、投入产出等方面进行综合分析，提出了几种适宜于本区的组合排水形式。     

基于压电薄膜的免耕播种机播种深度控制系统

为使免耕播种机在秸秆覆盖地作业时自动保证播种深度的一致性和稳定性,设计了一种主动作用式播种深度自动控制系统。采用聚偏二氟乙烯(Polyvinylidence fluoride,PVDF)压电薄膜传感器将免耕播种机限深轮的胎面形变量转换为电压信号,信号处理电路对传感器产生的信号放大滤波,提取信号峰值,系统根据峰值信号实时监测播种单体对地表的压力,控制信号形成电路在压力不足时发出控制信号,控制安装在播种机机架与播种单体四连杆间的空气弹簧产生推力,使播种单体能够产生对地表的压力,从而保证播种深度的一致性。试验结果表明,所设计的主动作用式播种深度自动控制系统能够精确控制开沟深度,仿形性能可靠,作业速度为5~8 km/h时,播深合格率达到90%,作业速度大于8 km/h时,播深合格率明显高于被动作用式播种深度控制装置。     

精密播种机下压力和播深CAN总线监控与评价系统研究

为实现精密播种作业中播种下压力和播深的实时监控和质量评价,设计了一种多行播种机下压力和播深CAN总线监控与评价系统。系统采用基于角度和轴销传感器的播深和下压力测量装置,优化设计了液压驱动和分区控制的气压驱动装置,开发了基于Co De Sys(Controlled development system)编程环境的智能终端交互界面和ECU(Electronic control unit)控制程序,实现了基于CAN总线通信的作业参数监测控制和质量评价。通过搭建的室内试验台完成了播深和下压力静态建模试验,建立了适应不同设定播深的下压力测量模型。分区控制系统响应测试试验表明,在调节范围(0. 2～0. 6 MPa)内,系统超调量低于5. 97%;响应时间与控制行数和设定气压正相关;在设定气压(0. 1～0. 6 MPa)范围内,6行播种机调节时间不超过2. 35 s。为测试系统工作性能,在25、50、75 mm 3种设定播深下,对左区控制(600 N)、右区控制(300 N)、机械调节和自重调节4种控制方式进行了田间性能试验。土壤压实和播种下压力控制效果试验表明,主动分区控制方式可实现更为稳定的土壤紧实度,且在浅旋地块环境下,右区控制方式可达到最优的下压力稳定性,其控制合格率不小于95. 78%;播深控制效果试验表明,随着设定播深的增大,播深质量显著降低,在设定播深25～75 mm范围内,左区控制、右区控制、机械调节和自重调节对应的最小播深合格率分别为91. 92%、92. 53%、70. 44%和58. 72%,对应的最大标准差分别为2. 22、3. 11、3. 69、7. 70 mm,对应的最大变异系数分别为3. 52%、4. 40%、4. 96%和14. 01%。相比机械调节和自重调节,分区控制系统提高了单体下压力和播深稳定性。     

基于水盐生产函数的绿洲灌区水盐调控研究

土壤次生盐碱化是新疆灌溉农业所面临的最大环境问题。灌溉农业的快速扩展与灌排系统不完善是造成土壤次生盐碱化发生与恶化的关键因素。以水盐生产函数为依据,计算了不同生育阶段及全生育期阶段棉花相对产量与土壤全盐的关系,依据该计算结果对塔里木灌区的土壤盐化程度做了初步划分。基于塔里木灌区地下水埋深较浅且多为微咸水的事实,比较深入地探讨了地下水合理的动态水位及作物对潜水利用问题。最后,提出了灌区水盐调控的对策,强调排水系统的通畅运行是控制土壤次生盐碱化的关键,通过排水系统和减少灌溉定额使作物生长期的地下水埋深控制在1.6~2.1 m内,不但可以减少排水成本,而且也可使作物充分利用地下水,同时促进塔里木河水质的改善。     

不同耕作和秸秆覆盖对三北2号玉米产量的影响

连续两年在慈利县研究了不同耕作方式(翻耕和免耕)和不同油菜秸秆覆盖量(全量、半量、0)对三北2号玉米产量和主要农艺性状的影响,以评价和筛选适合当地的耕作模式。结果表明,与免耕处理相比,翻耕各处理玉米平均产量增加了2.36%~9.11%,且在高温干旱年份(2013年)比雨水较多年份(2014年)增幅大。玉米单产均是秸秆全量覆盖处理半量覆盖处理不覆盖处理。翻耕+秸秆全量覆盖在连续两年的试验中产量均为最高,可在慈利县推广。     

Effect of tillage and crop on arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization of winter wheat and triticale under Mediterranean conditions

Large‐scale inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is generally impractical in most regions and we have little understanding of the factors that determine inoculation success. Nevertheless, the ability to take full advantage of indigenous AMF for sustainable production needs to be developed within cropping systems. We used part of a long‐term field experiment to understand the influence of tillage and the preceding crop on AMF colonization over the growing season. Arbuscular mycorrhiza colonization rate was more affected by treatment (tillage or the combination of crop and preceding crop) than by the total number of AMF spores in the soil. Conventional tillage (CT) had a statistically significant negative effect (P ≤ 0.05) on spore numbers isolated from the soil, but only in the first year of study. However, the AMF colonization rate was significantly reduced by CT, and the roots of wheat, Triticum aestivum, L, cv. Coa after sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., were less well colonized than were those of triticale, X Triticosecale Wittmack, cv. Alter after wheat, but the affect of tillage was more pronounced than was the effect of crop combination. Under no‐till there was a significant increase in AMF colonization rate throughout the sampling period in both wheat and triticale, indicating that the extraradical mycelium previously produced acted as a source of inoculum. In general, triticale showed greater AMF colonization than wheat, despite the preceding crop being less mycotrophic. Under these experimental conditions, typical of Mediterranean agricultural systems, AMF colonization responded more strongly to tillage practices than to the combination of crop and preceding crop.     

Soil Properties Degradation Assessment Using Infrared Scanning Technique of Soils （Case Study： Eastern of Congo）

Recently, near infrared reflectance （NIR） and mid-infrared （MIR） spectroscopy techniques are increasingly introduced as convenient and simple non-destructive techniques for quantifying several soil properties. This study uses MIR method to predict pH, soil organic C, total N, AI, Ca, Mg and K, CEC and soil texture for soil samples collected in Sud-Kivu, Congo. A total of 536 composite soil samples were taken from two locations （Burhale and Luhihi） at two depths （0-20 cm and 20-40 cm） using a spatially-stratified random sampling design within an area of 200 km2. Differences in characteristics were evaluated between the two locations, land use （cultivated vs. non-cultivated land） with soil depths. A random subset of the samples （10%） were analyzed using standard wet chemistry methods, and calibration models developed by MIR data to estimate soil properties for the full soil sample set. Partial least squares regression （PLS） method gave acceptable coefficients of determination between 0.71 and 0.93 for all parameters. Soil organic matter levels were higher in cultivated plots in Luhihi （3.9% C） than in Burhale （3.0% C）, suggesting lower levels of soil fertility in the later area. This indicates high levels of acidity, which are likely to limit crop production in the area. Phosphorus deficiency is acute in Burhale （2.4 mg P/kg） but less in Luhihi （5.4 mg P/kg）. In both locations, low levels of Ca and Mg indicate that soils may be susceptible to deficiencies in both elements.These findings provide new opportunities for monitoring soil quality in the region which can benefit multiple actors and scientists involved in the agricultural and environmental sectors.     

双掺大流动性混凝土性能研究

研究了不同粉煤灰掺量对双掺大流动性混凝土性能的影响,并结合高效减水剂及粉煤灰的水化机理及混凝土抗压强度、碳化深度对双掺大流动性混凝土作了一定的性能分析论述,总结出其抗压强度及碳化深度之间存在的关系。