某省沿海渔港调研结果讨论

通过对某省几个沿海渔港的问卷调研和实地考察,初步了解了这几个渔港的建设现状和各自存在的问题,重点讨论这些渔港在港工建筑物及配套设施、水域陆域建设、附属设施及安全装备、泥沙淤积及环境污染等方面存在的问题并给出相应的建议,调研结果对今后渔港的建设和管理具有一定的借鉴作用。     

无机碳源对生物絮团降氮及沉降性能的影响

利用异位生物絮团反应器,分别在有机碳源存在(第Ⅰ阶段,持续21 d)和有机碳源缺失(第Ⅱ阶段,持续21 d)阶段,比较研究了无机碳源(NaHCO_3)浓度为0.0 (对照组),0.5,1.0和1.5 g/L的模拟养殖废水对反应器生物絮团降氮及沉降性能的影响。结果显示,第Ⅰ阶段对照组出水氨氮浓度显著高于其他处理组,但总体上呈先下降后稳定的趋势,各组亚硝态氮和硝态氮均有少量积累;生物絮团生物量及沉降速度对照组显著低于处理组,处理组之间差异不显著。第Ⅱ阶段各组出水的氨氮、亚硝态氮浓度无显著差异,对照组硝态氮浓度高于各处理组,氨氮浓度迅速下降;此阶段生物絮团的生物量、沉降速度有所下降,NaHCO_3浓度为1.0 g/L处理组表现出较好的沉降效果;粒径分布也趋向均匀。整个实验阶段,不同浓度无机碳源处理条件下,氨氮的去除效率均达到97.8%以上,亚硝态氮无显著积累,处理组生物絮团沉降速度和生物量显著高于对照组。研究表明,添加无机碳源可提高生物絮团降氮性能,增强其沉降速度;移除有机碳源后,生物絮团反应器可维持氨氮去除能力,但引起硝态氮积累,生物絮团生物量减少;有机碳源缺失时,无机碳源(≥0.5 g/L)有助于生物絮团反应器保持其氨氮去除能力。     

商丘地区河道淤积综合防治措施及其效果

商丘地区地处豫东黄河冲积平原,地势平坦,土质松散,排水河道极易淤积,治理后,十年左右就严重淤积.排水能力大大降低,影响了防洪除涝效益的正常发挥。为此,采取了生物防治和工程防治相结合的综合防治措施,加强工程管理,有效地控制了河道泥沙来源,减少了河道淤积,取得显著的工程效益、经济效益和社会效益,达到了以河养河、减少国家管理投资的目的。     

Modelling of nitrogen loads from the farming of yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi (Valenciennes, 1833)

Farming of yellowtail kingfish ( Seriola lalandi , Valenciennes, 1833) in the coastal waters of Australia is a relatively new aquaculture industry, and little is known about the magnitude of nutrient discharges from individual pens. In this work, we modelled the flow of nitrogen for each of two commercial pens in Fitzgerald Bay, upper Spencer Gulf, South Australia. The fish were fed commercial pellets with feed conversion ratios (FCRs) between 3.0 and 3.2 (dry weight feed/wet weight growth). These high values of FCR were reflected in the high nitrogen loads to the environment (176–195 kg N tonne⁻¹ growth) and a small retention of nitrogen in fish growth (14–16% of feed inputs). Considering an annual production of 2000 tonnes, total loads to the environment can reach 391 tonnes N year⁻¹. Eighty-two per cent of these loads are expected to be lost to the water column as dissolved wastes. The high nutrient loads and the importance of dissolved wastes compared with other aquaculture species, such as salmon and trout, reflect the distinctly higher metabolic rates of this pelagic predatory species. The nature of the wastes suggests low localized impacts at current production levels, but regional effects remain unknown.     

Sedimentation and sediment characteristics in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka) culture ponds

Annual sedimentation, re-suspension rates and contents of particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate organic nitrogen (PON) and total phosphorus (TP) in the sediment were investigated in two sea cucumber culture ponds at Rongcheng, Shandong Province, China. The results showed that the average flux of total particulate matter in the ponds was 22.1 g m² d⁻¹. The average re-suspension rate of the sediment in the ponds was 81.7%. The re-suspension rates in spring and autumn were higher than those in summer and winter. The mean contents of POC, PON and TP in the sediment of the ponds were 4.4, 0.5 and 0.6 (mg g⁻¹), respectively, and the mean contents of Chlorophyll a (Chl a) and pheophytin in the sediment were 8.1 and 12.1 μg g⁻¹ respectively. The POC, PON and TP contents in the sediment of the ponds increased during the period of sea cucumber aestivation (summer) and hibernation (winter), while they decreased during the feeding periods. The organic matter accumulation rate and the contents of POC, PON, TP, Chl a and pheophytin in the sediment were even lower than those in the pond without sea cucumber (P<0.05). The results demonstrated that sea cucumber culture can effectively stop nutrient accumulation at the bottom of the cucumber culture ponds.     

Influencing factors of sodium dodecyl sulfate sedimentation in bread wheat

Bread wheat elite lines and F4 populations were evaluated to determine the influence of genotype and environment on variation in sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) sedimentation, and the relation between SDS sedimentation and other quality characteristics. Nine intermediate hard red wheat elite lines and two checks were evaluated for three years over eight locations, and six F4 populations and two hard red wheat checks were evaluated at three locations. In both sets of material, the genotype and location main effect, and genotype × location interaction were highly significant. The genotype component contributed 85.96% of the total variation in SDS sedimentation in the F4 material, and the genotype × location component only 12.87%. In the elite material the contribution of genotype was high enough to make effective selection for SDS sedimentation possible. The genotype × year effect was large, indicating that testing genotypes across years may be more important than across locations. SDS sedimentation was significantly positively correlated with protein content and mixograph development time, and negatively with yield. Selection of higher SDS sedimentation may lead to overly strong dough and lower yields. Therefore a careful approach should be taken in the selection process, balancing the different objectives in a breeding program.     

好水川流域小型水库及淤地坝泥沙淤积量估算

建立了小型水库及淤地坝泥沙淤积体的概化模型。结合水库及淤地坝泥沙观测数据,采用以小型水库的特性征曲线为基础的泥沙淤积量测算方法,对好水川流域小型水库及淤地坝淤积量进行了估算。运用泥沙淤积体规则概化的测算方法对估算结果进行验证,并推求区域侵蚀模数。该方法计算简单,结论可靠,可为进一步研究该流域的水沙规律提供理论依据,并为宁夏南部山区的淤地坝淤积量估算提出一种简便的算法。     

坝地沉积旋回泥沙养分变化及其对小流域泥沙来源的解释

黄土高原广泛分布的坝地沉积泥沙中赋存了大量小流域侵蚀特征及侵蚀环境变化的信息,泥沙特性的变化则是这些信息的直接体现。该文通过对比分析淤地坝沉积旋回泥沙中和坝控小流域内不同泥沙源地土壤中有机质、全氮、全磷和全钾的含量,发现小流域内土壤养分含量变异性明显大于沉积旋回泥沙中的变异性,沉积旋回泥沙养分含量与沟壁土壤中的相接近,其中与沟壁中的全氮、全磷和全钾无显著差异(p>0.05),但显著小于荒草地和坡耕地中的有机质、全氮和全磷含量(p<0.05),表明淤地坝运行期间小流域泥沙主要来源于沟壁坍塌和沟道扩展,重力侵蚀和沟蚀是主要侵蚀类型;有机质和全氮在坝地沉积旋回中呈明显阶段性变化,分析认为其反映了农村土地联产承包责任制对小流域土地利用和土壤侵蚀的影响。     

“圆中环”沉沙排沙池浑水沉沙特性

"圆中环"沉沙排沙池是一种新型二级泥沙处理设施,以新疆呼图壁阿苇滩"圆中环"为原型,通过物理模型试验研究其浑水沉沙分布规律以及沉沙排沙效果。研究表明:"圆中环"的含沙量、沉沙范围和沉沙粒径在环向呈不均匀分布,135°~225°范围分布较大。但含沙量及沉沙粒径在径向与半径成反比,在距离圆心1/2半径处以内含沙量沿垂向与水深成反比,垂向分布不均匀,沉沙颗粒较粗,其余范围含沙量垂向分布较均匀,沉沙颗粒较细;在设计工况条件下,"圆中环"截沙率为90.9%,1 mm粒径范围截沙率为100%。试验证明:"圆中环"存在泥沙分选现象,水沙分离依靠重力沉降,溢流堰长是沉沙效率高的重要原因。"圆中环"沉沙粒径范围大,截沙率高,排沙耗水率较小,并能利用水力作用自动排出沉沙。研究结果可为"圆中环"优化结构形式及设计应用提供参考。     

Physical characteristics of reticuloruminal contents of oxen in relation to forage type and time after feeding

The stratification of reticulorumen (RR) contents has been described in domestic ruminants, but suspected to be absent in certain wild ruminant species. To investigate how such stratification could be quantified, we tested variables indicating stratification in three oxen with rumen cannulae, fed once daily for 3 h, one of three different forages (fresh grass FG, grass hay GH, lucerne hay LH). Ingesta samples from dorsal rumen (DR), ventral rumen (VR) and reticulum (RET) were taken at 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h after the last meal and analyzed for dry matter (DM) concentration, mean particle size and proportion of floating/sedimenting particles. Viscosity was measured in centrifuged RR fluid. There was no relevant variation in rumen fluid viscosity over time or with feeding regime. Dry matter content in DR was always higher than in VR or RET and increased after feeding. When LH and FG were fed, DR always contained larger particles than VR, except at 6 and 12 h of feeding GH. The proportion of floating particles was higher in DR than VR except at GH 6 h and GR between 6 and 12 h. The floating particle fraction mostly contained larger particles, except for GH 3 h in both DR and VR and for FG 3–12 h in DR. Changes in the distribution of particle size and proportion of floating particles over time comply with the theoretical course of fermentative digestion for different forages, but make these variables unreliable indicators of stratification in less controlled settings, such as investigations in wild ruminants. In contrast, viscosity of rumen fluids appears constant over time and feeding regime and might be used as a species‐specific variable. The difference in DM content in DR and VR is a reliable indicator for RR contents stratification characterized by an oversaturation of the contents with fluid, leading to lower VR DM contents.