两系杂交油菜早中熟组合精量直播栽培性状比较研究

开展优质核不育两系杂交油菜早中熟新组合比较试验,结果表明:2种熟期类型杂交组合间产量差异明显,中熟组合单位面积产量极显著高于早熟组合,对比分析产量构成因子,主要是平均角粒数多和千粒重重,2种熟期类型组合间株高和一次分枝数差异较小,油菜菌核病感病程度中熟组合相对较轻。因此,油菜生产不可一味选择和使用早熟类型品种或组合,不然将较难获得理想产量和生产效益。     

Effects of Addition of Three Types of Biochar on the Soil Nitrogen Balance and Cotton Yield

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of biochar addition on the soil N balance and cotton yield in a drip-irrigated cotton field. The experiment included four soil amendments: control, cotton straw biochar, corn cob biochar, and poultry manure biochar. The biochar was applied at a rate of 4.5 t·hm^－2 except control. The results showed that all three types of biochar significantly reduced both the apparent soil N loss and the N surplus. The effect of cotton straw biochar treatment was most significant, relative to the control. Plant nitrogen uptake differed significantly between the different treatments, decreasing in the order cotton straw biochar > poultry manure biochar > corn cob biochar. Cotton yield also differed significantly between the different treatments, decreasing in the order poultry manure biochar > corn cob biochar, and cotton straw biochar.     

6种钝化剂对糙米镉含量及镉在水稻中的转移和富集的影响

旨在为合理使用钝化剂及水稻糙米镉(Cd)含量与Cd在水稻体内富集和转移的关系提供一定的理论依据。从6种钝化剂中筛选出能够抑制糙米Cd积累的材料,通过对不同超标程度水稻组的产量、糙米Cd含量、各个器官对Cd的富集系数和转移系数进行统计分析,探讨不同钝化剂对Cd在水稻体内转移和富集的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,低、中浓度C材料和FA材料能够降低糙米中Cd浓度;FB材料和中、高浓度FD材料会促使糙米中Cd的积累。水稻各器官对Cd富集能力,无超标水稻为根茎米叶糠,超标水稻为根茎米糠叶;Cd向糙米的转移途径中,在不超标水稻组中糠—米的转移能力最强,在超标水稻组中叶—米的转移能力最强。     

Effects of spent mushroom substrates and inorganic fertilizer on the characteristics of a calcareous clayey‐loam soil and lettuce production

We evaluated the effects of the addition of two types of spent mushroom substrate (SMS), SMS from an Agaricus bisporus crop (SMS1) and a mixture of SMSs from an A. bisporus crop and a Pleurotus crop (50% v/v each) (SMS2), on the characteristics of a calcareous clayey‐loam soil and the yield and nutritional status of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), relative to crops receiving mineral fertilizer (M) and a control (C) without amendment. The application of SMS, especially SMS1, improved soil fertility compared with C and M soils. Moreover, the use of these organic substrates as soil amendments did not harm the plants and gave yields similar to that obtained with mineral fertilizer. The nutritional contents of the lettuce plants were greater than or similar to those of the plants from treatment C or M, except for the plant tissue concentrations of K, Fe and Zn, which were significantly reduced by SMS application. However, this latter fact did not reduce the lettuce yield in the amended soils. Therefore, the use of SMSs as organic amendments contributes to residue utilization, in an environmentally friendly way, and to improved soil fertility and crop yield.     

酸模叶蓼对大豆生长的影响及其经济阈值

酸模叶蓼是大豆田的恶性杂草,严重危害大豆生长发育及产量,为明确酸模叶蓼在大豆田中的经济危害允许水平和经济阈值,在大田条件下采用添加系列试验和拟合函数关系模型的方法,研究了酸模叶蓼与大豆的竞争关系。结果表明,在酸模叶蓼的竞争干扰下,大豆单株荚数,产量均随酸模叶蓼密度的增加而逐渐降低,而株高没有显著变化。线性函数模型y=-0.443x+39.453(R2=0.962,F=75.887,P=0.003)能较好地拟合酸模叶蓼对大豆单株荚数的影响;二次曲线函数模型y=0.702x~2-54.395x+3027.810(R~2=0.972,F=34.843,P=0.028)能较好地拟合大豆产量与酸模叶蓼密度之间的关系,对数函数y=16.131lnx-23.458(R2=0.911,F=20.532,P=0.045)能较好的拟合大豆产量损失与酸模叶蓼密度之间的关系。大豆田酸模叶蓼人工拔除的经济阈值为10.22株/m2,使用75%噻吩磺隆水分散粒剂、80%阔草清水分散粒剂、95%精异丙甲草胺乳油防除的经济阈值分别为4.75、5.03、5.25株/m~2。酸模叶蓼对大豆产量有明显影响,通过对经济阈值分析,在大豆田化学除草剂防治酸模叶蓼具有明显的经济优势。     

Agronomic traits of soybean cultivars released in different decades after grafting record‐yield cultivar as rootstock

Breeders have seldom considered the selection for root traits during the genetic improvement in soybean. It is hypothesized that grain yield would be increased by the root function improvement, especially for the current cultivars. The objective of this grafting experiment was to determine the effect of record‐yield cultivars L14 or Z35 as rootstocks on agronomic traits of cultivars released in different decades. A total of 11 cultivars, released in different decades, were used to graft onto L14 or Z35 rootstocks. The agronomic traits were measured in the pot‐culture experiments. Grafting cultivars released in different decades onto L14 or Z35 rootstocks resulted in higher yield, 100‐seed mass and apparent harvest index as compared with those of non‐grafted or self‐grafted plants. Grain yield gain of cultivars grafted onto record‐yield cultivar rootstocks was 0.40 g/plant/year from 1966 to 2006, which was larger than that of non‐grafts and self‐grafts (0.27 g/plant/year). The yield of current cultivars should increase more if their root functions were improved.     

不同类型肥料对甘薯产量和氮效率的影响

为了找到比较适合甘薯增产的肥料,采用田间小区试验的方法,在投入等量氮磷钾养分情况下,比较4种不同类型肥料(施可丰复合肥、土壤所包膜肥、金正大包膜肥、史丹利复合肥)的氮肥效率,以无氮处理、普通尿素、习惯施肥为对照。结果表明:施可丰复合肥对甘薯的增产效果明显,产量达到29940 kg/hm2,显著高于无氮处理、普通尿素处理(P0.05),与习惯施肥相比增产8.92%,另外,收获时氮肥利用率最高,pH值降低小,在甘薯吸氮量最高时,施可丰复合肥氮素释放最高,符合甘薯的氮肥吸收规律,在甘薯生产上是值得推荐的。     

稻秸还田下耕作与播种方式对小麦出苗及产量的影响

为了研究稻秸还田下耕作与播种方式对小麦出苗及产量的影响,通过大区试验,分析了稻秸全量还田下不同耕作与播种方式对小麦出苗率、出苗均匀性及产量性状的影响。结果显示,相同的播种方式下,浅耕处理小麦出苗率高于免耕处理,但出苗均匀性差于后者;相同的耕作方式下,播种方式对小麦出苗率和出苗均匀性的影响差异较大,其中,机械匀播方式下小麦出苗率最高,出苗均匀性最好;小麦出苗率和出苗均匀性通过影响穗数、穗粒数、千粒重而影响籽粒产量,同一耕作方式下机械匀播小麦籽粒产量均高于其余2种播种方式,免耕和浅耕下机械匀播小麦产量分别达6484.35 kg/hm~2和6476.20 kg/hm~2。因此,稻秸全量还田条件下,建议采用免耕机械匀播方式,能有效改善小麦田间出苗情况,进而获得较高的籽粒产量。     

行距对马铃薯农艺性状及产量的影响

试验采用随机区组试验设计,大垄双行,整薯播种。在同一密度下对不同行距间的各指标进行比较及单因素方差分析。旨在为马铃薯生产和机械化作业提供理论依据。结果表明:在12株·m~(-2)和9株·m~(-2)的种植密度下,主茎数、结薯数、产量都是随行距的增加而呈现递减的变化趋势;在7.2株·m~(-2)的种植密度下,主茎数、结薯数、产量是随行距的增加而呈现"增-减-增"的变化趋势;同一密度下,淀粉含量随行距增加变化不明显,大部分维持在15%~16%之间。总体来看,同一密度下不同行距间对主茎数、结薯数、产量及淀粉含量的影响均差异不显著。     

日光温室越冬西葫芦高产栽培技术

选择抗病、耐低温、高产优质的品种,经过处理的种子在日光温室内建造苗床育苗,幼苗出土前,苗床气温白天保持28～30℃,夜间保持16～20℃。起垄定植,当幼苗三叶一心,苗龄25～30d时即可定植。定植后管理：浇一次大水、吊蔓、落蔓、肥水管理、温度控制、蘸花保果等等一系列措施。生长期要进行全面病虫害防治,以达到高产效果。