Influence of pH and temperature on force development and shortening velocity in skinned muscle fibres from fish

Three species of fish were studied: Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpius) (from the North Sea, temperature 2 to 12°C) andNotothenia neglecta (from Antarctica, temperature –2 to +2°C). Single fast muscle fibres were isolated from anterior myotomes and skinned with detergent in order to directly determine the effects of pH and temperature on force production and shortening velocity.In all species maximum force production (Po) was independent of pH over the range 7.3–8.0. Decreasing the pH from 7.3 to 6.6 reduced maximum force by 28% in fibres fromG. morhua andN. neglecta but had no effect on fibres fromM. scorpius. The depression in maximum force with acidosis was accompanied by a proportional decrease in stiffness and an increase in the rate of force recovery after stretch.Unloaded contraction velocity of cod fibres (Vmax) showed a pH optimum at around pH 7.6 decreasing by 31% at pH 6.6. Vmax of fibres from the other species was independent of pH over the range 6.6–8.0.The effects of pH on Po and Vmax were similar at 0 and 10°C. Thus for maximally activated fibres both force and contraction velocity are independent of temperature induced changes in pH. In some species acidosis depresses contractility and is likely to be a contributory factor to muscle fatigue.     

pH值和Ca~（2＋）浓度对日本沼虾生长和能量收支的影响

本文报道了不同ｐＨ值（６．５、７．５和８．５）和不同Ｃａ２＋浓度（３８．８．６１．１和７８．８ｐｐｍ）对日本沼虾生长和能量收支的影响。实验结果表明，ｐＨ值对该虾的生长有一定的影响，Ｃａ２＋和ｐＨ值在影响其生长的过程中可能有一定的交互作用。ｐＨ值和Ｃａ２＋对该虾生长的影响主要是通过影响其能量摄入量实现的。本实验条件下，该虾摄入的能量平均有１５．８％用于生长，１．８％作为粪便排出体外，其余用于呼吸和排泄。     

Intestinal phytase I: Detection and preliminary characterization of activity in the intestinal brush border membrane of hybrid striped bass Morone saxatilis × M. chrysops

While numerous studies have evaluated intestinal phytase activity in terrestrial monogastric species, little work has been conducted investigating the enzyme's activity in finfish. This experiment was conducted to determine if hybrid striped bass Morone saxatilis × M. chrysops possess intestinal phytase activity, and to perform a preliminary characterization of this activity in terms of pH, metal ion dependence and substrate kinetics. Hybrid bass do exhibit low levels of intestinal phytase activity. The activity has an acidic pH optimum between 3.5 and 4.5. Low concentrations of Mn²⁺ slightly enhance this activity. The divalent cations Mg²⁺ and Zn²⁺ were shown to either have no effect on the enzyme activity or to be inhibitory, particularly at high concentrations. The present results indicate that intestinal phytase activity in hybrid bass does follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with estimated K_m and V_max values of 2.5 mM phytate and 4.8 units mg⁻¹ protein, respectively. The physiologic significance of the enzyme's presence in hybrid striped bass is questionable due to the low activity as compared to terrestrial monogastrics, the acidic pH optimum and the low affinity the enzyme appears to have for phytate. These observations also raise the question of whether the intestinal phytase activity detected in hybrid bass is merely a manifestation of non-specific acid phosphatase activity. Further investigation is needed to determine the practical significance of phytase activity in hybrid bass in terms of phytate phosphorus utilization. Additional experiments should also be conducted which evaluate intestinal phytase activity in other important aquacultured finfish species. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of long-term contrasting lime and phosphorus applications on barley grain yield,root growth and abundance of mycorrhiza

Lime and phosphorus (P) applications are common agricultural management practices. Our aim was to quantify the effects of long-term application practices on root growth and abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) under field conditions. We assessed the effects of lime and P fertilizer applications on barley yield, root growth and AMF abundance in 2016. Treatments were no, low, medium and high liming rate corresponding to application of 0, 4, 8 and 12 Mg lime ha⁻¹ every 5–9 years since 1942 combined with no or yearly application of 15.6 kg P ha⁻¹ since 1944. At harvest, grain yield, root intensity (core-break) and AMF abundance at different soil depths were estimated. Root development was monitored during early growth with minirhizotrons in treatments receiving low, medium and high liming rates and P fertilization. A quadratic model relating grain yield to liming rate estimated yields to peak at 6.4 Mg lime ha⁻¹ with yields of 4.2 and 3.2 Mg grain ha⁻¹ with and without P fertilization, respectively. Low and medium liming rates resulted in greater AMF abundance, especially in the no P treatments. During early growth in P-fertilized treatments, 77% and 65% more roots developed in the soil profile when treated with medium and high liming rate, respectively, compared to low liming rate. We conclude that long-term application of lime in soils receiving yearly P fertilization improved conditions for root growth in soil layers below 30 cm, but at the high liming rate, this did not translate into higher yield.     

不同pH和氧气条件下土壤古菌与海洋古菌的竞争适应机制

pH和氧气是古菌氨氧化活性的关键限制因子。然而,复杂土壤中不同古菌生态型（土壤古菌和海洋古菌）对pH和氧气的竞争适应规律尚未有相关报道。选择活性氨氧化古菌（ammonia-oxidizing archaea, AOA）为类海洋古菌Group1.1a-associated的酸性森林土（ pH5.40）和活性氨氧化古菌为土壤类古菌Group 1.1b的碱性水稻土（ pH8.02）,调节混合土壤pH和氧气浓度;设置稳定性同位素核酸探针实验,通过微宇宙室内培养,监测土壤硝化强度;利用实时荧光定量qPCR和454高通量测序研究pH和氧气对土壤氨氧化古菌和细菌的影响规律。结果表明：pH3.8下没有硝化作用发生,而pH6.0和7.6则发生了强烈硝化作用,且高氧环境下硝化作用强于低氧环境;加底物培养后,氨氧化古菌数量明显增加;活性氨氧化古菌几乎全为土壤类古菌Group 1.1b。研究表明：尽管氧气对硝化作用也有一定影响,但pH是影响硝化作用的主要因素;与类海洋古菌相比,土壤类古菌Group?1.1b更能适应高氧和低氧的碱性土壤环境,因此具有更强的竞争力。     

不同改良措施对第四纪红壤酶活性的影响

红壤是我国重要的土壤类型之一,其耕地地力低下问题亟待解决。探究不同改良措施影响下红壤地力提升效果,对实现中低产田可持续利用具有重要意义。本研究以湖南第四纪红黏土发育的旱地红壤为研究对象,分析了休闲（F）、不施肥（CK）、单施无机肥（NPK）、无机肥配秸秆还田（NPKS）、无机肥配施生石灰（NPKL）、无机肥配施骨粉有机肥（NPKA）和无机肥配施生物有机肥（NPKC）等改良措施下不同土层和改良年限土壤中pH及养分含量的变化,并利用微孔板荧光法比较了土壤中碳氮磷循环相关酶活性的差异。结果表明,不同改良措施显著影响土壤养分及酶活性。与CK相比,2020年NPKC处理0～20 cm土层中有机质（SOM）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）和有效磷（AP）含量分别提高了73%、29%、61%和1 847%,同时该处理也显著增加了参与碳循环α-1,4-葡糖苷酶（αG）、β-1,4-葡糖苷酶（βG）、β-1,4-木糖苷酶（βX）、纤维二糖水解酶（CBH）和参与氮循环β-1,4-N-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖酐酶（NAG）活性。相关分析表明,SOM与αG、βG、βX、CBH和NAG酶活性呈显著正相关（P < 0.01）,pH与酸性磷酸酶（ACP）活性呈显著负相关（P < 0.01）。改良措施对0～20 cm土层酶活性的影响大于20～40 cm。2019年,NPKA处理0～20 cm土层中CBH酶活性较CK提高了352%,而在20～40 cm土层中CBH酶活性仅较CK提高了2%。此外,不同改良措施土壤中ACP酶活性也呈现出随改良年限增加而增加的趋势。综上可知,无机肥配施有机物料显著提升红壤养分状况,改善土壤酶活性,可作为贫瘠红壤地力提升的有效改良措施。     

紫甘蓝花青素智能指示膜的制备及其在牛乳新鲜度监测中应用

为研究不同紫甘蓝花青素含量对大豆分离蛋白基智能指示膜性能的影响,提高指示膜的综合包装性能,考察指示膜对巴氏杀菌乳新鲜度的监测效果。以大豆分离蛋白（Soy Protein Isolate,SPI）为原料,添加紫甘蓝花青素（Purple Cabbage Anthocyanins,PCA）制备指示膜,对其结构、热性能、机械性能、色度及其稳定性和pH敏感性进行表征和分析,并将指示膜应用于巴氏杀菌乳新鲜度监测中。结果表明：相对于大豆分离蛋白膜,含有4%（质量分数紫甘蓝花青素的指示膜,拉伸强度从2.46 MPa增加到3.77 MPa,断裂伸长率从105%增加到131%;与标准白的色差从21.23增加到52.88,指示膜明度降低,色度偏黄绿色,结晶温度比SPI膜升高了3 ℃。指示膜的色度在常温下5 d内不出现可视性色差,但pH敏感性强。将指示膜应用于巴氏杀菌乳新鲜度监测中,指示膜的颜色随着牛乳变质由绿变红,指示膜与原始膜的色差变化与巴氏杀菌乳的pH值变化呈相反趋势,且色差可视。因此,该指示膜具有监测巴氏杀菌乳腐败过程的潜力,应用前景广阔。     

2007～2013年丹东地区酸雨特征及成因分析

根据丹东2007 ～2013年的酸雨监测资料,对近年来该地区酸雨的时空分布特征进行了总结与分析,研究了不同气象条件对降水酸度的影响,分析了酸雨形成的原因.结果表明,丹东降水酸度呈波动性变化;2007 ～ 2013年降水平均pH年平均范围为4.82～5.51,pH均小于5.60,且自2008年以来,呈现波动下降的趋势;pH有明显的季节变化,以夏季酸度为最强、秋季为最弱;出现频率以秋季最高,为43.3％,春季最低,为30.1％.丹东酸雨的形成是该地区的自然和人为因素共同作用的结果,气象条件的变化对降水酸度影响相当明显,丹东市当地地形、工业布局和外来源也为酸雨形成做出了较大贡献.     

东风11 G型内燃机车牵引缓冲装置关键部件检修工艺

介绍了东风11 G型内燃机车牵引缓冲装置的作用及主要结构,并以其关键部件车钩、缓冲器为研究对象,研究其检修工艺。