The Deterioration of Eating and Cooking Quality Caused by High Temperature During Grain Filling in Early-Season indica Rice Cultivars

The effect of temperature during grain filling on eating and cooking quality of early-season indica rice was investigated by using four cultivars with different amylose content. Starting from flowering stage until maturity, the plants of all cultivars were subjected to two temperature treatments, referred as optimum (mean daily air temperature, 22 °C) and high (32 °C) temperature regimes. The results showed that the effect of high temperature on apparent amylose content and gel consistency in milled rice was cultivar-dependent. Under high temperature, amylose content increased for cv. Jiayu353 and remained little changed for cv. Guangluai4, which had intrinsically higher amylose content, and decreased for cv. Zhefu49 and cv. Jiazao935, which had lower amylose content. By contrast, high temperature reduced or kept stable gel consistency values for cultivars with higher amylose content and increased gel consistency values for those with lower amylose content. Moreover, high temperature significantly increased the gelatinization temperature of all cultivars. Pasting profiles and X-ray diffraction pattern of rice were also affected by temperature. The results suggest that high temperature during grain filling change the component and crystalline structure of starch and result in deterioration of eating and cooking quality for early-season indica rice.     

基于多生育期光谱变量的水稻直链淀粉含量监测

直链淀粉含量是评价稻米品质的重要指标之一,其累积生长过程是多生育期、多因素综合作用的结果。为了探究多生育期信息引入对水稻籽粒直链淀粉含量监测模型的影响,实现水稻品质信息的大规模准确监测。该研究选取水稻孕穗期、抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期这4个有关水稻籽粒形成发育的生育期的冠层光谱,分析原光谱、植被指数、高光谱特征参数,及其变换形式与水稻籽粒直链淀粉含量的相关性,筛选得到相关性较好的光谱变量,并利用逐步回归的方法进行建模,建立基于多生育期光谱变量的直链淀粉含量预测模型。结果表明:一阶导数、差值植被指数(Difference Vegetation Index,DVI)、比值植被指数(Ratio Vegetation Index, RVI)及成熟期特征参数表现出较高敏感性,最适用于直链淀粉含量预测的生育期为成熟期,而多生育期信息的综合利用能显著提高模型预测精度,最佳多生育期预测模型为孕穗-抽穗-成熟期组合模型,建模决定系数(Coefficient of Determination, R^2)为0.708,均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error, RMSE)为0.711%,平均绝对百分比误差(Mean Absolute Percent Error, MAPE)为3.22%,验证R2为0.631,RMSE为0.768%,MAPE为3.99%,证明该模型能较为精确地预测籽粒直链淀粉含量,为稻米品质指标大尺度统计监测提供一定的技术支撑和应用基础。     

稻米胚乳直链淀粉含量的基因剂量效应

用不同直链淀粉含量的品种杂交获得的 F_1、F_2及亲本为材料,测定了单个胚乳的直链淀粉含量,以研究稻米胚乳直链淀粉含量的遗传。结果表明,蜡质位点的遗传由1个主效基因控制,F_1和 F_2的直链淀粉含量存在 Wx 基因剂量效应,有2个 Wx 等位基因对直链淀粉合成起着不同的作用,分离世代出现超亲个体,说明还存在修饰基因作用。     

稻米品质研究——Ⅱ.灌浆期间环境条件对稻米品质的影响

以8个品种的分期播种试验和5个品种的不同地点栽培试验,研究灌浆成熟期间环境条件对稻米品质性状的影响。结果表明,稻米的长度、宽度和长宽比等性状受环境的影响较小,而垩白面积、糊化程度、直链淀粉的含量、胶稠度等性状对环境的变化较为敏感,但受环境条件的影响程度因品种而异,其中Lemont的糊化温度、IR_(661)的直链淀粉含量,南京11号的胶稠度以及广陆矮4号、南京11号的垩白面积等部属对环境变异敏感的类型。品质性状与主要气象因素的相关分析表明,糊化温度、胶稠度、垩白面积与日均温、平均光照时数、相对湿度一般呈正相关,与直链淀粉含量呈负相关。在所分析的3个气象因素中,以温度对品质性状的影响最大,光照条件次之,相对湿度较弱。     

灌浆期气温的分布对稻米直链淀粉累积效应的初步研究

 本研究表明水稻品种不同,直链淀粉累积所要求的灌浆期最适温度也不同,大致上是籼稻高于粳稻。灌浆结实期的温度与最适气温偏差越小,越有利于直链淀粉的累积。研究还表明:灌浆前期的温度状况与稻米直链淀粉累积的关系较为密切。并建议把水稻灌浆前期的温度状况作为评价水稻直链淀粉累积气温适宜与否的指标。     

常见水稻品种稻米品质的研究

对128个常见水稻品种的加工品质、商品品质、蒸煮品质的分析表明,品种的加工品质有明显差异,完整精米率的变异幅度最大;垩白面积与完整精米率呈极显著负相关;粒长、粒宽、长宽比与直链淀粉含量、糊化温度、胶稠度间无任何显著相关。由于粒宽与垩白面积呈极显著正相关,故在籼稻优质米育种中,宜选择细长粒形和透明度好的类型。籼稻的直链淀粉含量、糊化温度、胶稠度在品种间均有丰富的变异,性状间组合方式复杂。目前国内籼稻品种的直链淀粉含量偏高,是影响食味的主要因素。粳稻中蒸煮品质各性状变异幅度较小,性状间组合类型较简单。     

水稻籽粒直链淀粉含量非破坏性活体测定方法研究

对533份杂交稻和常规稻材料的糙米和精米直链淀粉含量进行化学分析,并结合近红外透射光谱数据,采用改进偏最小二乘法（MPLS）分别建立糙米、精米的直链淀粉含量（AC）预测定标模型,并对其进行内部和外部验证.结果表明,杂交稻糙米及精米模型的定标相关系数（RSQ）分别为0.873和0.922,常规稻糙米及精米模型的RSQ则分别为0.924和0.939,定标标准偏差（SEC）分别为1.100,0.956,1.537,1.547;内部交叉验证预测值和真实值之间的RSQ分别为0.866,0.901,0.892和0.921,外部验证的RSQ分别为0.9506,0.9352,0.9116,0.9180,所建模型的相关性较高,预测值与真实值之间的误差小.常规稻模型可应用于大量育种材料快速、无损的早代筛选,杂交稻模型可用于新组合直链淀粉含量的快速鉴定,促进稻米品质改良,提高育种效率.     

Comparison of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Models for Determining Protein and Amylose Contents Between Calibration Samples of Recombinant Inbred Lines and Conventional Varieties of Rice

The near infrared spectra of 178 recombinant inbred lines （RILs） from the cross of Ⅱ-32B/Yuezaoxian 6 （YZX6） and 511 varieties in rice were acquired. A total of 80 RILs and 96 cultivars were selected as modeling samples by comparing the spectra similarity primarily. Three partial least square （PLS） regression models were developed, based on the RILs （RIL-model）, the varieties （Var-model） and their mixture （Mix-model）, for protein content （PC） and amylose content （AC）, respectively. Cross validation and outer prediction showed that the models were largely influenced by the range and distribution of modeling samples. The regression model of PC based on the cultivars and the model of AC based on RILs had higher coefficient of determination （r^2 ≥ 0.9） and lower root mean square error of cross validation （RMSECVs）. The disadvantages of RIL samples for PC model and variety samples for AC model were probably caused by the narrow range of variance. Aberrant predictions were obtained for outer sample with PC or AC outside the range or within the distribution gap of modeling samples. The Mix-models gave more reliable prediction as the distribution of RIL and variety modeling samples were complementary to each other.     

籼稻Wx基因与稻米食用品质的相关性分析

以14个水稻品种及亲本为材料,通过检测各材料的Wx基因型,测定其直链淀粉含量(AC)、胶稠度(GC)和糊化温度(GT),对参试品种的Wx基因与AC、GC和GT的相关性进行了分析.结果表明,基因型为GG的品种具有较高的AC和较低的GC,而TT型品种具有中等的AC和较高的GC;AC与GC、GT呈极显著负相关,说明Wx除了控制稻米的AC之外,Wx与之紧密连锁的基因位点还可能影响GC的高低程度和GT的大小.对属于同一个恢复系的杂交组合的不育系和品种之间作偏相关性分析表明,优良品种的AC与不育系呈显著负相关,而品种的GC和GT与不育系之间的相关性却没有那么明显.     

上海和韩国粳稻品种米质特性比较

利用6个上海粳稻品种和9个韩国粳稻品种进行了品质特性比较分析。结果表明,上海和韩国品种间的粒宽、长宽比、穗着粒密度、直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量和碱消值均呈显著的差异,上海水稻品种比韩国水稻品种粒型较细长,穗着粒密度高,直链淀粉含量、蛋白质含量和碱消值高,但食味值和淀粉谱特性则相反,韩国水稻品种的食味值和淀粉谱特性中的最高粘度值、最终粘度值和下降粘度值显著高于上海水稻品种。水稻品质特性间相关分析结果表明,食味值与直链淀粉含量,蛋白质含量和穗着粒密度呈极显著负相关,而与最高粘度值和下降粘度值呈显著的正相关。直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量与最高粘度值、最低粘度值和最终粘度值均呈极显著的负相关。由此认为,通过育种手段降低直链淀粉含量和蛋白质含量,改进穗型和粒型结构,并在栽培措施上降低氮肥施用量是提高上海水稻品质的有效途径。