基于GIS的中国小麦条锈病菌越夏区气候区划

 基于多年的气象数据(1980~2001年),首次从制约小麦条锈病菌越夏的温度因子入手,结合寄主小麦因素,利用地理信息系统(Geographical Information System,GIS),对我国小麦条锈病菌越夏区进行较详细的气候区划。本研究从温度条件上明确了全国适合小麦条锈病菌越夏的范围。研究表明,在我国小麦种植区适合小麦条锈病菌越夏的范围很广。其中甘肃、四川、云南、陕西境内适合越夏的地区是连成一片的,甘肃东部除了西边的几个县外其它地方7、8月份最高一旬均温在20~23℃,条锈病菌越夏困难;西藏、青海境内的小麦种植区几乎都适合小麦条锈病菌越夏;贵州境内适合越夏的地区可能和云南越夏区是一个整体。云南适合越夏的地区甚广,且地形复杂,需要进一步调查研究。     

浙江地区不同品种紫花苜蓿不同刈割期二茬性状表现

对不同秋眠级别的紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa品种进行适应性试验,研究不同品种不同刈割期株高、分蘖数、根系、茎叶比及生物学产量间的变化,为生产推广提供指导.     

Based serum metabolomics analysis reveals simultaneous interconnecting changes during chicken embryonic development

Metabolic disorder is a major health problem and is associated with a number of metabolic diseases. Due to native hyperglycaemia and resistance to exogenous insulin, chickens as a model had used in the studies of adipose tissue biology, metabolism and obesity. But no detailed information is available about the comprehensive changes of serum metabolites at different stages of chicken embryonic development. This study employed LC/MS‐QTOF to determine the changes of major functional metabolites at incubation day 14 (E14d), 19 (E19d) and hatching day 1 (H1d), and the associated pathways of differential metabolites during chicken embryonic development were analysed using Metabolite Set Enrichment Analysis method. Results showed that 39 metabolites were significantly changed from E14d to E19d and 68 metabolites were significantly altered from E19d to H1d in chicken embryos. Protein synthesis was promoted by increasing the concentrations of L‐glutamine and threonine, and gonadal development was promoted through increasing oestrone content from E14d to E19d in chicken embryos, which indicated that serum glutamine, threonine and oestrone contents may be considered as the candidate indicators for assessment of early embryonic development. 2‐oxoglutaric acid mainly contributed to enhancing the citric cycle, and it plays an important role in improving the growth of chicken embryos at the late development; the decreasing of L‐glutamine, L‐isoleucine and L‐leucine contents from E19d to H1d in chicken embryonic development implied their possible functions as the feed additive during early posthatch period of broiler chickens to satisfy the growth. These results provided insights into understand the roles of serum metabolites at different developmental stages of chicken embryos, it also provides available information for chicken as a model to study metabolic disease or human obesity.     

不同种质玉米自交系种子萌发的干旱胁迫研究

种子萌发期被认为是作物生长的关键时期,也是衡量作物耐旱性强弱的重要时期。为了明确不同玉米自交系的耐旱性,本研究采用聚乙二醇(PEG)模拟干旱条件,对254份不同种质玉米自交系进行种子萌发期处理。通过检测发芽指数、发芽率、根数、根鲜重、根干重、茎鲜重、茎干重、根长、苗高等种子发芽性状,以其相对值为指标,鉴定不同自交系种子萌发期的耐旱性。结果表明,在5%PEG6000浓度胁迫时,种子萌发程度低,当PEG浓度为10%时,种子萌发受抑制程度较高；各性状相对指标都与品种综合抗旱能力呈显著或极显著正相关；不同自交系的耐旱性存在较大差异,通过隶属函数法结合抗旱分级标准筛选出99份中等耐旱材料。因此,该方法可以作为一种简单的玉米自交系萌发期耐旱性鉴定方法。     

滴灌水肥一体化下施氮量对小麦氮素吸收及土壤硝态氮含量的影响

为探明华北地区山前平原水肥一体化条件下小麦合理的氮肥运筹。于2013-2015年2个小麦生长季,设置4个滴灌施氮量(N0-不施氮、N1-120 kg/hm~2、N2-240 kg/hm~2、N3-360 kg/hm~2)处理,研究滴灌水肥一体化下施氮量对小麦氮素吸收积累和土壤硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明:施氮量N1、N2和N3处理的小麦干质量及产量较处理N0显著增加,N1、N2和N3处理间无显著差异;施氮量对小麦茎秆的氮含量影响较大,但对籽粒氮含量的影响差异不显著;处理N3的小麦总吸氮量分别显著高于处理N0、N1和N2,但处理N1和N2之间无显著差异;氮肥收获指数以N2处理最高,氮肥当季回收利用率、氮肥农学效率、氮肥生产效率和氮肥利用效率均表现出随施氮量增加而降低的趋势;施氮量超过240 kg/hm~2,土壤硝态氮含量增加,且随种植年限的延长更加明显。采用一元二次方程拟合,获得小麦最高产量的施氮量为238.46~250.78 kg/hm~2,经济施氮量为174.28~207.18 kg/hm~2。综合考虑经济效益和生态效益,该条件下小麦滴灌经济施氮量以174~207 kg/hm~2为宜。     

基于生理发育时间的水稻发育期预测方法

水稻发育期模型研究是开展现代农业气象服务工作的基础。基于作物生理发育时间守恒原理,综合考虑温度和日长因子对水稻发育期的影响,利用云南省12个农气观测站2011—2014年水稻发育期观测和地面气象观测资料,分别构建并验证了适用于籼稻种植区和粳稻种植区的发育期预报模型。结果表明,2套模型在全发育期和各发育阶段的预报值与观测值模拟效果总体较好,平均全发育期RMSE值为7.47,RE值为7.99%,粳稻模型和籼稻模型的RE值分别为6.49%和9.5%,粳稻区模拟效果优于籼稻区。模型生物学意义明确、参数通用性强,适用于农业气象业务服务中水稻发育期预测,具有推广应用价值。     

耐低氮烟草基因型的筛选及氮效率分析

筛选耐低氮及氮高效的烟草基因型是提高氮素利用效率，减少氮污染的一种有效途径。本文采用营养液培养方法，于苗期以低氮(0.5 mmol L–1)和正常氮(5.0 mmol L–1)处理74个不同基因型烟草，通过指标统计、因子分析、聚类分析来确定评价指标及筛选出耐低氮基因型，并结合氮效率综合值分析表明，在低氮和正常氮条件下，不同基因型烟草的根系体积、根系生物量、茎叶氮累积量、地上部生物量变异系数均较大，分别为0.37~0.68和0.38~0.64。低氮和正常氮的主成分基本相似，在不同供氮条件下茎叶氮累积量、地上部生物量均起主要作用。筛选出15个耐低氮基因型，占供试材料的20.3%，其中8个属于低氮高效正常氮低效型，占耐低氮基因型的53.3%，6个属于低氮低效正常氮低效型，占40.0%，1个属于低氮高效正常氮高效型，占0.7%；筛选出8个低氮敏感基因型，其中6个属于低氮低效正常氮高效型，占75.0%，2个属于低氮低效正常氮低效型，占25.0%。初步确定14P9为耐低氮、氮高效基因型，中烟100和K394为低氮敏感、氮低效基因型。     

Evaluation of Cold Tolerance in NERICAs Compared with Japanese Standard Rice Varieties at the Reproductive Stage

New Rice for Africa (NERICA) is a general name for interspecific rice varieties derived from a cross between the high‐yielding Asian rice (Oryza sativa L.) between locally adapted African rice (Oryza glaberrima Steud.). Eight NERICAs were evaluated for cold tolerance (CT) at the reproductive stage and compared with their O. sativa parents and three Japanese standard rice varieties over 3 years. Cold tolerance was evaluated based on the filled grain ratio (FGR) after cold water irrigation. The FGR was greatly reduced by cold water irrigation. NERICA 1, 2 and 7 had higher FGR (51.9–57.9 %), while NERICA 6, 15 and 16 had lower FGR (6.2–14.5 %). NERICA 1, 2 and 7 were less affected by cold stress, with a 31 % mean reduction in FGR, while NERICA 6, 15 and 16 were greatly affected, with their FGRs being reduced by more than 80 %. NERICA 3 and 4 were moderately affected by cold stress, with about 45 % reduction rate in FGR. FGR significantly influenced the grain weights of the varieties with strong positive correlations (r = 0.83–0.91; P < 0.001), and thus, similar trends in grain weights were observed. Grain weights were reduced by 61.7–96.4 % under cold stress. NERICA 1, 2 and 7 showed significantly better performance than NERICA 3 and 4, while NERICA 6, 15 and 16 performed poorly under cold water irrigation. The Japanese varieties Koshihikari (very tolerant) and Ozora (moderately tolerant) were more affected by cold water irrigation than NERICA 1, 2 and 7. On the basis of the mean reduction rate (%) in FGR under cold stress, the varieties were classified as follows: NERICA 1, 2 and 7 as tolerant; NERICA 3 and 4 as moderately tolerant; and NERICA 6, 15 and 16 as susceptible to cold stress. However, NERICA 7 grain yields were lower under cold stress due to both greatly reduced number of panicles per plant and number of spikelets per panicle. Therefore, NERICA 1 and 2 are suitable candidates for production in the highland regions of East Africa and should be promoted for production.     

云南小麦品种（系）锈病和赤霉病抗性功能基因的KASP标记检测

利用5个锈病成株期抗性基因的KASP标记Sr2_ger9 3p、Lr34jagger、CSTM4_67G、Lr68-2、VPM_SNP和抗赤霉病基因Fhb1的KASP标记TaHRC-KASP,对云南省育成的42个小麦品种（系）进行检测,旨在筛选出含有目标基因的优异小麦种质,为云南省持久抗病小麦新品种（系）的选育提供材料。结果表明,4个材料含兼抗型成株抗锈病基因Lr34/Yr18/Sr57,频率为9.52%;6个品种（系）含兼抗型成株抗锈病基因Lr67/Yr46/Sr55,频率为14.29%;7个材料含抗慢叶锈病基因Lr68,频率为16.67%;含兼抗型成株抗锈病基因Sr2/Yr30和成株抗叶锈基因Lr37的材料各有1个,频率均为2.38%;未检测出含抗赤霉病基因Fhb1的品种（系）。云麦69、云麦75、云麦56、宜麦1号和宜麦3号等兼有2个成株期抗锈病基因,可作为今后云南持久抗锈病育种的抗源材料。     

Attributes of wheat cultivars for late autumn sowing in genes expression and field estimates

Due to the growing interest in Central and Eastern Europe on cropping of wheat in optional late autumn terms, called facultative, genetic research and field evaluation were taken on four spring cultivars: Tybalt (NL), Monsun (DE), Ostka Smolicka (PL) and Bombona (PL), currently being recommended by breeders. The PPD gene analyze, expression level of dehydrine genes (WCS120 and WDHN13) in cooling test, and qPCR for RNA isolation and analyses of WCS120 and WDHN13 gene expression at the BBCH12 stage of wheat were estimated. Molecular analysis of PPD-D1 gene confirmed the presence of photoperiod sensitive allele ppd-D1b in all tested genotypes. The highest level of NRE WCS120 gene was detected in cultivars Tybalt and Bombona. Two-year field experimental study assessed the growth, development and productivity of facultative and spring crops of studied cultivars. Based on our results from field experiments and result of molecular analysis of alleles of PPD-D1 gene, the tested genotypes can be considered as potentially facultative genotypes.