冬枣锈病发生与叶龄及其解剖结构关系的研究

为探讨冬枣叶龄、叶片解剖结构与锈病侵染和发病程度的关系，对冬枣3种不同叶龄的叶片进行锈病接种试验，并对叶片组织解剖结构进行了测定。结果表明：3种叶龄叶片感病程度由低到高依次为：成熟叶< 长成叶<嫩叶，由此可见，成熟叶对锈病的抵抗力最强；3种叶龄叶解剖性状在角质层厚度、上表皮厚度、下表皮厚度、叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、栅海比、叶片结构紧密度、叶片结构疏松度、气孔密度和气孔大小等指标有显著差异，但气孔开张结构性状差异不显著。文章筛选出了与冬枣锈病发生有关的叶片形态结构指标，为合理的控制冬枣锈病和筛选抗锈病冬枣优良单株的提供了理论依据。     

皖麦50分蘖成穗的综合分析

[目的]为皖麦50的推广种植提供理论依据。[方法]通过田间试验对不同种植密度和不同产量水平下皖麦50群体的分蘖动态进行了综合分析。[结果]皖麦50冬前单株茎数与叶龄的回归方程为Y=0．1531e0.6199x；冬前出叶数与总积温的回归方程为z=1．199 10.0042∑1；冬前单株分蘖数与积温的回归方程为y=0．01531e0.01281∑τ；穗粒数和穗粒重与单株穗数的回归方程分别为y1=36．20＋1．7546x和y2=1．390＋0．0682x；株高与蘖住高度的回归方程为y=87．6054—1．9791x。当B基本苗为170万～220万／hm2，冬前单株分蘖数为5．5～6．5，群体总头数为950万-1050万／h2，单株成穗数为3．8，总穗数为632．91万／hm2时，皖麦50群体协调、高产。当有效穗数为600万一675万／hm2，穗粒数为33～35粒，千粒重为40～42g时，皖麦50的产量在7500kg／hm2以上。[结论]该品种高产稳产且易干蔷培营弹．在．准北抽．区及苦淮南片砉区有宦辑的庸用莆号．     

肥水措施对小麦穗部性状抗低温冷害的影响

研究了水肥调控下小麦拔节后低温冷害对其穗部性状的影响。结果表明,灌2水(越冬水、拔节水)和灌1水(越冬水)比不灌水平均穗粒数分别增加25.81%和19.89%;施用专用有机肥比不施平均穗粒数增加6.53%。     

暖冬对漯河小麦生产的影响

本文利用漯河市召陵区姬石镇区域站大田物联网冬季温度、湿度、积温等的气象数据,分析了漯河麦区冬季变暖气象条件下对小麦播种时期、播种量、群体发育,个体发育、产量三要素、病虫害发生及危害的影响,提出了应对暖冬的栽培管理技术措施。     

竹秆锈病防治试验及其推广应用

经多年调查，浙江省是竹秆锈病严重常发区，被害种竹已达１７个以上，其中对早竹的危害十分突出，该病已成为竹子发展的一个限制性因子之一。经不同方法的对比试验，表明刮涂法和刮涂后涂药防治效果达８８．９％以上，效果十分显著。在德清推广防治技术后，基本控制病情，并取得十分显著的经济、生态社会效益。     

An advisory model for control of Puccinia recondita in winter wheat

Epidemics ofPuccinia recondita and resulting yield loss of winter wheat were studied in field experiments over three seasons in the Netherlands. Results are reported and used to construct an advisory model for control of brown rust, based on rust monitoring. If the fraction of leaves with rust (I) at a certain development stage is determined, the average number of rust sori per leaf (M) was estimated by: M=EXP(1.84+1.39ln(ln[1/(1-I)]). The final number of sori per leaf (Mf) at early dough was forecast by an exponential growth: Mf=M·EXP(RGR·t). The relative growth rate (RGR) averaged 0.163/day and the forecasting period, t, until early dough, was derived from published data. The forecast number of sori-days per leaf (S, AUDPC-value) was then obtained by: S=(Mf-M)/RGR. Yield loss (kg/ha) by brown rust was 1.15 times the number of sori-days per leaf at low rust intensities. The efficacy of the fungicides used was 85%. The forecast avoidable yield loss (L, kg/ha) was calculated by: L=0.85 (1.15 S). Economic thresholds for brown rust control at different development stages are given for Dutch wheat fields at a cost level of 270 kg/ha for one fungicide application.     

Postponed germination of Puccinia recondita urediospores deposited on wheat seedlings. II. Infectivity of urediospores after postponed germination

Urediospores ofPuccinia recondita f.sp.tritici were applied to wheat seedlings. Inoculated plants were placed in a growth chamber to expose the spores to dry periods from zero to nine days at near-optimal temperatures (ca 18 °C). The dry period was followed by a wet period varying from 2 to 24 hours for germination of spores and infection of plants. Infection results were subjected to analysis of variance. The main effects dry period, wet period, and temperature were highly significant. The dry period×wet period interaction was significant. The interaction implied that the effects of post-detachment, ripening of germinable spores appeared in their resulting infectivity. There were two forms of post-detachment ripening, a slow ripening during the dry period and a faster ripening during the wet period. The two forms of ripening showed a non-additive compensatory interaction. The effect of post-detachment ripening on infectivity of germinated spores was more pronounced at 15 than, at 18 or 20 °C; the effect was strongest during the first day of the dry period. At dry periods of over 6 days, infectivity of germinated spores decreased, especially at the higher temperatures. Prolonged exposure, of spores to a dry period apparently damages the spores even though they are still able to germinate.Samenvatting Uredosporen van de bruine roest van tarwe (Puccinia recondita f.sp.tritici) werden over het eerste blad van tarwekiemplanten verstoven. De aldus geïnoculeerde planten werden in een klimaatkamer geplaatst bij ca. 18 °C om de sporen bloot te stellen aan droge perioden van 0 tot 9 dagen. De droge perioden werden gevolgd door natte perioden van 2 tot 24 uur om de sporen te laten kiemen en de planten te infecteren. Na de natte periode werden de planten bij verschillende temperature geplaatst om de latente periode en de vorming van sporenhoopjes te bepalen. De hoofdeffecten op de vorming van sporenhoopjes waren zeer significant: duur van de droge periode, duur van de natte periode en temperatuur. Twee vormen van sporenrijping werden gevonden bij rijping vnn sporen, die los op het blad lagen (rijping, buiten de sporenhoopjes), een langzame rijping tijdens de droge periode en een snelle rijping tijdens de natte periode. Deze twee vormen van rijping vertoonden statistische interactie met enige wederzijdse compensatie. Het effect van deze sporenrijping (buiten de sporenhoopjes) op de infectiviteit van gekiemde sporen was bij 15 °C duidelijker dan bij 18 en 20 °C; het effect was het sterkst tijdens de eerste dag van de droge periode. Bij droge periodes langer dan 6 dagen daalde de infectiviteit, vooral bij de hogere temperaturen.     

丰抗2号冬小麦抗锈性基因的染色体定位研究

 用"中国春"单体系和抗锈品种"丰抗2号"杂交,对其抗病基因进行染色体定位。结果表明,丰抗2号对条锈菌小种25号的单显性抗病基因位于5B染色体上;对叶锈菌小种38号的单显性抗病基因位于5A染色体上。位于5B和5A染色体上的两个分别抵抗条锈和叶锈病的基因可能是新的抗病基因。     

梨胶锈菌的重寄生菌研究——Ⅱ重寄生菌的生物学特性

 梨胶锈菌(Cymnosporangium asiaticum Miyabe ex Yamada)的重寄生菌(Tuberculina vinosa Sacc.)在PDA、综合马铃薯和梨叶汁培养基上能生长、产孢,以PDA最好,Czapek和硝酸铵蔗糖上生长差且不产孢。菌丝生长和产孢的适温20~30℃,适宜pH6~9,荧光可促进产孢而黑光有抑制作用。对碳源的利用,菌丝生长和干重以甘露醇、葡萄糖等6种碳源为好,甘露醇最佳,淀粉最差;葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖和甘露醇中均能产孢,以葡萄糖最好。对氮源的利用,菌丝生长及干重以硝酸钾、甘氨酸和蛋白胨为好;产孢以天冬酰胺、蛋白胨和硝酸钾为好,甘氨酸和谷氨酸不产孢。孢子萌发适温15~30℃,相对湿度65~100%均能萌发,在水滴中萌发率最高,低于50%不萌发;最适pH4~6,低于pH3和高于pH8不萌发;光照有利于孢子萌发。     

Competition and interactions among stripe rust pathotypes in wheat-cultivar mixtures

A series of experiments was conducted with wheat stripe rust to analyse competition between simple and complex pathotypes in host mixtures. Two different pathotype combinations were tested, with different host components. Each combination included a complex (able to infect two host components) and two simple pathotypes. For one of the combinations, induced resistance was tested in a separate experiment as a possible interaction among pathotypes. Disease severity and pathotype frequencies were measured three times during the epidemic, on each host component grown in pure stands and in mixtures. In one of the experiments, pathotype frequencies were also measured within secondary foci. One of the complex pathotypes appeared to have a low fitness on one of the host components and did not significantly increase in frequency in host mixtures relative to pure stands. The average frequency of the other complex pathotype increased during the first epidemic cycles, but remained stable afterwards, below expected values. The results suggest that the development of complex pathotypes in host mixtures may be influenced by differential aggressiveness on the host components, by induced resistance and by random effects resulting from the formation of disease foci, and depends on pathogen autoinfection rate and dispersal mechanisms.