Detection of protease genes in field soil applied with liquid livestock feces and speculation on their function and origin

The origin of soil protease in field soil was estimated using culture-dependent and independent approaches. Overall soil protease activity was much higher in field soils with an annual application of liquid livestock feces (120 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ and 600 t ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) compared with the activity recorded in other field soils, and the character of the soil proteases became highly homogeneous (approximately 70% metalloprotease in a 600 t field). Selective incubation studies suggested that bacteria were the most important source of soil protease. There were significantly higher correlations between serratial metalloprotease and the overall soil protease in both feces-applied fields in terms of the effect of inhibitors, and the bacteria, which produced serratial metalloprotease, were suggested to proliferate in both the 120 t and 600 t fields. The gene homologous to serratial metalloprotease gene was amplified in directly extracted DNA from field soils using selective DNA primer and proteolytic Serratia marcescens was certified to be one source of soil protease in these field soils. Proteolytic S. marcescens and its metalloprotease gene have occasionally been isolated and detected in field soils applied with raw feces, and have rarely been isolated or detected from other field soils. Proteolytic S. marcescens is believed to be introduced in the raw feces and subsequently colonizes the field soil and replaces the indigenous bacteria in the soil.     

菁松皓月的种性维持及系统改良

本文通过对浙江省蚕种公司和中国农业科学院蚕业研究所提供的菁松、皓月品种的原原种和杂交种27年的历年饲育成绩和经济性状分析,认为菁松、皓月的主要经济性状没有改变,仍保持推广初期的饲育成绩水平,且某些经济眭状有所提高;同时阐述了菁松、皓月品种的种性维持及系统改良的方法和经验。     

Specific gravity responses of slash and loblolly pine following mid-rotation fertilization

Wood quality attributes were examined in six stands of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) in the lower Coastal Plain of Georgia and Florida. Several plots comprised each stand, and each plot was divided so that it received three fertilizer treatments: a control treatment with herbaceous weed control at planting and brush control at mid-rotation only (control); 45 kg ha⁻¹ N + 56 kg ha⁻¹ P + herbaceous weed control at planting and 224 kg ha⁻¹ N + 45 kg ha⁻¹ P + brush control at mid-rotation (fertilizer with N at planting); and 56 kg ha⁻¹ P + herbaceous weed control at planting and 224 kg ha⁻¹ N + 45 kg ha⁻¹ P + brush control at mid-rotation (fertilizer without N at planting). Ring width, ring earlywood specific gravity (SG), ring latewood SG, whole ring SG, and ring percent latewood were measured on each of seven trees. Of these measurements, this study focused mainly on the properties related to SG. Examination of the rings showed that latewood SG was significantly lower in trees treated with fertilizers with and without N at planting in the two to three years following fertilization, but that latewood SG gradually returned to a level similar to the control. Fertilizer without N at planting may also have had a brief negative effect on earlywood SG following mid-rotation fertilization, but it was not as clear or lasting as the effect on latewood SG. Additionally, although slash and loblolly pine appear to differ in the developmental patterns of these SG properties, there were no significant differences in how these patterns interacted with treatment. This study demonstrated that fertilization treatments have similar short-term effects on the SG of slash and loblolly pines, particularly in latewood, but the trees will return to a SG pattern consistent with unfertilized trees within two or three years.     

Development of two microsatellite multiplex PCR systems for high throughput genotyping in Populus euphratica

Eighteen microsatellite primer pairs previously developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory for Populus tremuloides Michx. and Populus trichocarpa Torr. & Gray were screened for amplification in Euphrates poplar, Populus euphratica Oliv. Thirteen loci were found to express polymorphisms ranging from two to 17 alleles. The eight most variable loci were selected to set up and optimize two multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Three populations containing altogether 436 trees were used to characterize the selected loci and ascertain their applicability for parentage analysis and genotyping studies. Through cross-checking of clonal identity against sex of the genotyped trees we estimated the maximum error rate for merging genotypes to be less than 0.045. Foundation project: This study was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft DFG (grant number SCHN 1080/1-1)     

两种微卫星多样PCR系统应用于胡杨高效生产基因型

对已在橡树岭国家实验室建立起来的美洲山杨(Populus tremuloides Michx.)和毛果杨(Populus trichocarpa Torr.＆ Gray)18个微卫星引物进行筛选,用于胡杨相关基因的扩增.发现有13个基因位点可以表达基因多态性,范围是2～17个等位基因.选择了8个最易变的基因位点,来构建和优化2种多样PCR法.用来自3个种群的436株树木表征选择的位点,确定他们在亲缘关系分析、基因型研究的适用性.通过克隆基因型鉴定树木性别的交叉检验,我们估计并入基因型最大误差率小于O.045.     

Specific adaptation of barley varieties in different locations in Ethiopia

Barley is one of the most important cereal crops grown for the livelihoods of the poor farmers of Tigray region in northern Ethiopia. As many low input and marginal environments it has benefited less from the yield increases achieved by modern breeding. This has been largely attributed due to genotype × environment intraction (GEI). To investigate the causes of GEI, ten barley varieties including local checks (two farmers developed varieties, four modern varieties and three rare local varieties) were tested over 21 environments. Participatory methods were applied to sample an adequate number of environments spanning the regional diversity. The yielding ability and stability of the varieties was graphically depicted by GGE and PLSR biplot. There were two major groups of environments, the central and northern highlands, the latter with less rainfall and poorer soils. Rainfall per month and total nitrogen level were the environmental variables that differentiated these two groups. In Tigray, rainfall in June and July were negatively correlated with yield, reflecting waterlogging problems. The different varieties were either specifically or widely adapted across the two environments. The variety ‘Himblil’, originating in Tigray, was the highest yielding and also most stable in the region of origin. However, it was inferior to improved varieties (Shege and Dimtu) at high yield levels. The association of earliness with grain yield indicates that the trait can be effectively manipulated within the existing materials. We recommend breeding for drought/water logging resistance based on selection in the target environment as the best strategy to provide stable and high yielding varieties for Tigray.     

阿夫及其衍生小麦品种（系）的SSR分析

为了研究小麦骨干亲本阿夫(Funo)遗传物质在其衍生品种(系)的传递规律,用247对SSR引物对阿夫和8个阿夫子一代衍生品种(系)的亲本进行分析,发现有3个标记Xwmc398 (178 bp, 151 bp)、Xgwm400(180 bp, 149 bp)和Xgwm268(191 bp)在阿夫上有稳定、清晰的特异带。以筛选的特异引物对5个阿夫系选品种和255个阿夫衍生品种(系)进行了SSR分析。结果表明,Xwmc398在5个系选品种中均有阿夫的特异带,而Xgwm400只在安选2号,Xgwm268只在扬麦1号具有阿夫特异带。Xwmc398在阿夫子一代至子六代衍生品种(系)中的遗传频率分别为52.8%、38.4%、16.7%、0.0%、0.0%和0.0%, 平均为32.2%;Xgwm400的相应遗传频率分别为32.1%、19.2%、41.7%、33.3%、20.0%和0.0%,平均为26.7%;Xgwm268的相应传递率分别为22.6%、34.4%、11.1%、12.1%、0.0%和0.0%,平均为24.7%。表明SSR位点Xwmc398、Xgwm400和Xgwm268在阿夫衍生品种(系)中有明显的传递。     

黄淮地区大豆重要亲本间产量的杂种优势、配合力及其遗传基础

2003-2005年以选自黄淮地区及美国的8个大豆重要亲本品种(系)及其组配的28个双列杂交组合为材料, 分析大豆亲本间的产量杂种优势及其配合力, 探讨高优势组合的遗传基础, 包括杂种优势与亲本系数、SSR标记遗传距离的相关。结果表明: (1)黄淮地区大豆亲本间存在产量超亲优势, 平均20.39%, 组合间差异甚大, 变幅–5.34%~76.88%, 优选出豫豆22×晋豆27、淮豆4号×晋豆27、诱变30×蒙90-24, 超亲优势分别为76.88%、29.90%和34.42%, 超标率均在25.00%以上, 晋豆27和诱变30为优秀亲本材料。单株荚数及单株粒数的优势和产量优势相对一致;(2) 大豆亲本间产量杂种优势既与双亲一般配合力之和及特殊配合力有关, 又不完全相关。高优势高产组合的亲本产量配合力特点为亲本之一具有较高的一般配合力, 或双亲具有较高的一般配合力之和, 兼有较高的特殊配合力。单株荚数和单株粒数的情况和产量一致;(3) 按亲本系数聚类和按SSR标记遗传相似系数聚类揭示的8个亲本间的遗传关系相对一致, 均分为两组, 一组包含6个黄淮中、南部品种(系), 另一组包含1个山西和1个美国品种。要获得高优势高产组合, 亲本间必须具有一定的遗传距离, 但遗传距离大并不一定都高产高优势, 还有其他因素决定杂种优势。     

ZFY专门化品系猪主要选育性状典型相关分析

对ZFY专门化品系猪的主要选育性状进行典型相关分析.结果表明:体质量性状、体尺性状、100 kg体质量校正日龄和背膘厚3组性状间均存在较强相关性.体质量与体尺性状间、体质量性状与100 kg体质量校正日龄和背膘厚间的第一典型相关系数均达极显著相关水平(P<0.01),分别为0.828和0.85,占总相关的92.11%和97.80%;体尺性状与100 kg体质量校正日龄和背膘厚间的第一、二典型相关系数达显著相关(P<0.05),第一典型相关系数为0.607,占总相关的78.52%.分析表明,12项选育性状中6月龄体质量、胸围、腹围、100 kg体质量校正日龄和背膘厚起主要作用.     

遮阴对狼尾草光合特征的影响

[目的]为狼尾草栽培技术的优化及其在园林中的正确应用提供理论依据。[方法]采用LI-6400XT便携式光合系统分析仪测定0（对照）、25%、50%和75%遮荫处理下狼尾草（Pennisetum alopecuroides）的叶片光合参数,并测定叶片叶绿素含量与比叶重。[结果]全光照狼尾草的光补偿点（LCP）和光饱和点（LSP）分别为37.24和1892.42μmol/m^2·s。遮荫25%、50%、75%处理的狼尾草LCP较全光照分别降低了11.39%、29.11%和63.16%,差异显著,而其表观量子效率（AQY）、LSP、最大净光合速率（Pmax）基本没受影响。遮荫25%、50%、75%处理的狼尾草叶绿素a、b及总叶绿素含量分别较对照增加了48.25%、72.22%和53.07%。遮荫75%处理的比叶重较全光照降低了29.50%。[结论]狼尾草能适应一定的弱光环境,但75%遮荫会显著降低其光合效率,影响其正常生长。