水稻PDL2的突变导致小穗外稃退化

【目的】小穗是禾本科植物特有的花器官。在水稻中，小穗作为花序的基本单位和独有结构，对水稻的产量和品质具有重要影响。因此，研究水稻小穗和花器官的发育，为水稻产量和品质的形成提供依据。【方法】使用甲基磺酸乙酯（ethyl methane sulfonate,EMS）诱变籼稻保持系西农1B，获得2个具有相似突变表型的水稻等位突变体polarity defect of lateral organs 2-1和polarity defect of lateral organs 2-2(pdl2-1和pdl2-2）。由于二者表型相似，选取pdl2-1（命名为pdl2）为材料，通过显微观察和石蜡切片技术分析其小穗突变表型；通过农艺性状考察分析小穗外稃突变对水稻产量的影响；通过图位克隆技术验证PDL2的功能；运用原位杂交技术及实时荧光定量PCR(RT-qPCR）技术分析PDL2的表达模式。【结果】表型分析结果表明，与野生型相比，pdl2突变体外稃明显变窄，不能与内稃紧密钩合，导致小穗开裂，内轮花器官部分裸露在外，但其雄蕊、雌蕊和浆片的形态和数量均表现正常。进一步的石蜡切片结果表明，突变体外稃硅化细胞和泡...     

The relative contributions of soil hydrophilicity and raindrop impact to soil aggregate breakdown for a series of textured soils

Soil aggregate breakdown is the first key factor that causes soil erosion. At present, research on the mechanisms of soil aggregate breakdown during rainfall is common. However, the research to on quantifying the relative contributions of internal and external forces to aggregate breakdown remains limited. This paper was conducted to analyse the relative contribution of internal and external forces to aggregate disintegration and the factors affecting aggregate stability during rainfall. Soil aggregates with a series of textures were selected as test soil samples; deionized water was employed as the soaking solution and rainfall material in static disintegration experiments and rainfall simulation tests. The effect of internal force (soil hydrophilicity) on aggregate disintegration was analysed by the static disintegration method, and the combined effects of internal force (soil hydrophilicity) and external force (raindrop impact) on soil aggregate breakdown were analysed by rainfall simulation experiments. The results indicated that external force caused more severe soil aggregate breakdown than internal force, and the crushed aggregate was mainly distributed in the range of 2–0.25 mm. With increasing rainfall kinetic energy, the degree of aggregate breakdown increased gradually, and the degree of aggregation of the soil particles decreased gradually. Furthermore, soil aggregates with a high clay content (> 30%) were more stable than medium-clay (20–30%) and low-clay (< 20%) soil aggregates, and the correlation coefficient provided a good representation of the relationship between the clay content and soil aggregate stability index (ASI). Therefore, external force contributed more to soil aggregate breakdown than internal force during rainfall, and clay plays an important role in aggregate stability. The results of this study are of great significance for elaborating the mechanism and factors affecting aggregate breakdown.     

尿石素A浸种对玉米种子活力和萌发的影响

种子活力的高低直接影响种子萌发、幼苗生长及后期植株的产量和品质。活力低的种子通过浸种(引发)处理可提高种子活力。尿石素A(UA)是一种可重启线粒体自噬和延长秀丽线虫寿命的天然化合物。以老化5 d的郑单958玉米种子(发芽率约为60%)为材料,分别用0、0.5、2.5、5.0、25.0、50.0和100.0μmol/L尿石素A浸种12 h,探究UA浸种对种子活力和萌发的影响。结果发现,用不同浓度的UA浸种均不同程度地促进种子提前萌发,提高发芽率,增幅为3.67%～26.33%,25μmol/L尿石素A浸种效果最好。通过体内、体外实验分析UA对种胚中主要活性氧清除酶活性的影响,发现均显著提高过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的酶活性,降低丙二醛(MDA)含量。用UA浸种可能通过提高体内活性氧清除酶的活性,进而增强种子的发芽能力。     

去叶和去小穗对小麦籽粒微量元素和蛋白质含量的影响

为了解小麦不同部位叶片对籽粒微量元素(Zn、Fe、Mn和Cu)和蛋白质含量的影响以及不同品种微量元素和蛋白质含量的源库限制程度,以8个冬小麦品种为材料,通过开花后去倒一叶、倒二叶、倒三叶和去50%小穗处理,分析成熟期籽粒中Zn、Mn、Fe、Cu和蛋白质含量与籽粒重的变化及其相互关系。结果表明,不同部位叶片的去除均降低了籽粒重和蛋白质含量,也降低了籽粒中Zn、Mn、Fe和Cu含量;几个品种平均来看,去倒一叶处理籽粒重下降幅度最大,为14.43%,去倒二叶处理籽粒微量元素含量下降幅度最大,Zn、Mn、Fe和Cu含量分别下降11.31%、15.27%、10.29%和8.32%,去倒三叶处理籽粒蛋白质含量下降幅度最大,为11.63%,各品种对去叶的反应有差异。去小穗减少库,剩余籽粒Zn、Mn、Fe、Cu和蛋白质含量分别提高26.02%、25.01%、8.93%、8.99%和3.51%,剩余籽粒粒重提高10.41%,说明籽粒Zn、Mn、Fe、Cu和蛋白质含量主要受各元素供源限制,且受源限制程度因品种而异。籽粒中4种微量元素含量之间及其与蛋白质含量之间具有一定的正相关性,说明籽粒微量元素含量与蛋白质含量存在同步提高的可能性,蛋白质含量可作为衡量Fe、Zn等元素含量高低的参考。