施用缓释肥对甘蔗干物质积累及氮素利用率的影响

针对我国甘蔗生产上化肥施用量大、肥料利用率低等突出问题,通过田间试验研究2种缓释肥组合施用对甘蔗干物质积累和氮素利用率的影响。以新台糖22号为供试材料,设置4个处理：CK0（不施肥）、CK1（常规施肥,每公顷施N 300 kg、P2O5 225 kg、K2O 225 kg）;T1（等养分缓释肥,每公顷施N 300 kg、P2O5 225 kg、K2O 225 kg）;T2（减20％养分缓释肥,每公顷施N 240 kg、P2O5 180 kg、K2O 180 kg）。结果表明,常规施肥和缓释肥处理在萌芽率、分蘖率、茎径和有效茎数上没有显著差异;而T1株高显著高于CK1;伸长期CK1的干物质净积累比例高于T1及T2;成熟期则相反,T1及T2高于CK1;成熟期T1叶的干物质积累所占比例显著高于CK1;T1处理的蔗茎产量和糖产量最高,分别比CK1高11.0％和10.8％;T1和T2处理的两年氮素利用率均显著高于CK1,其中T2两年平均比CK1提高9％。在减少1次施肥的基础上,施用与常规化肥等养分的缓释肥能显著增加株高、甘蔗产量及糖产量,并提高氮素利用率;施用减20％养分的缓释肥能提高氮素利用率,甘蔗产量和糖产量不低于常规施肥。     

缓释肥料对康乃馨产量、养分利用率影响及环保效应

[目的]研究施用缓释肥料对康乃馨产量、经济效益养分利用率和环境污染的影响。[方法]以康乃馨（Dianthus caryophyllus）为研究对象,采用田间小区试验探讨了缓释肥料在康乃馨上的施用效果与环保效应。[结果]施用缓释肥料可改善康乃馨主要的农艺性状;与Conv-F相比,缓释肥处理增加康乃馨产量达8.67%～20.83%,经济效益增加10.55万元/hm2,产投比提高达74.29%;在等NPK比例和等养分量条件下,缓释肥处理增加康乃馨产量达2.11%,经济效益增加1.48万元/hm2,产投比提高达16.2%;施用缓释肥料有效提高了康乃馨当季养分利用率,其中Opt-F-0.7%的氮、磷和钾当季养分利用率较Conv-F处理分别提高了13.88、8.57和30.14个百分点。[结论]缓释肥不但显著减少肥料资源的浪费,提高肥料利用率,而且减少了肥料养分流失造成的污染,对保护生态环境的保护和促进农业的可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。     

缓释肥料对云南丘北小椒产量、养分利用率影响

[目的]研究施用缓释肥料对作物产量、养分利用率和环境污染的影响。[方法]以丘北小椒（Capsicum frutescens L.）为研究对象,采用田间小区试验探讨了缓释肥料在丘北小椒上的施用效果与环保效应。[结果]施用缓释肥料可改善丘北小椒主要的农艺性状;与Conv-F相比,缓释肥增加辣椒产量达20.90%,经济效益增加13234.35元/hm2,产投比提高达47.93%;在施肥量（氮磷钾养分和比例）相同的条件下,缓释肥增加辣椒产量达5.26%,经济效益增加5554.80元/hm2,产投比提高达9.91%;在降低缓释肥用量20%的条件下,辣椒产量比Conv-F提高达12.38%,经济效益增加9595.20元/hm2,产投比提高达65.95%;N、P和K的当季利用率比Conv-F处理分别提高了12.42～17.53,3.35～5.24和5.37～14.02个百分点。[结论]缓释肥不但显著减少肥料资源的浪费,提高肥料利用率,而且减少了肥料养分流失造成的污染,对生态环境的保护和促进农业的可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。     

常规与缓释硼肥连施及停施对脐橙硼营养的影响动态

为探讨不同硼肥对纽荷尔脐橙叶片硼效应的影响，采用大田试验于2007年与2008年连续两年施用常规硼肥(B)和缓释硼肥(UB)，后停施，并于2008-2011连续四年监测脐橙叶片硼含量的动态变化。试验结果为：施用两种硼肥均可显著提高脐橙叶片硼含量；施肥期间B处理叶片硼含量显著高于UB处理；施B连续两年，老叶出现硼过量积累现象，而UB未出现；停施硼肥后两处理叶片硼含量均下降，老叶中硼含量均低于新叶，UB处理下降幅度小于施B处理；两种不同硼肥均有一定的后效，均可维持停施硼肥后第二年春梢叶硼含量处于正常范围，但UB可维持停施硼肥第二年后新抽秋梢叶硼含量处于正常水平，而施B新抽秋梢叶硼含量接近缺硼临界值。因而，施用硼肥能够明显改善纽荷尔脐橙叶片硼营养状况，且不同种类的硼肥其营养效应有较大差异。     

黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦生长期N2O排放特征与基于优化施氮的减排方法研究

为了解陕西黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦季N2O排放规律,探索旱地N2O减排方法,采用密闭式静态箱法,以不同施氮处理[CK:对照,不施氮;CON:当地农民习惯施氮,施氮量220 kg·hm-2;OPT:优化施氮加秸秆还田,施氮量150 kg·hm-2;OPT+DCD:优化施氮加秸秆还田,同时施用施氮量5%的硝化抑制剂DCD;OPT(SR):优化施氮(所用肥料为包膜型缓控释肥)加秸秆还田]为基础,研究黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦农田N2O季节排放特征和减排措施。结果表明:黄土高原南部旱地冬小麦季N2O排放具有首月持续、大量排放,末月雨后瞬间排放,中期低排放的特点。各处理中,OPT+DCD和OPT(SR)在播种—返青期能显著减少N2O排放水平,而返青—成熟期,各优化处理差异不显著。从整个小麦季N2O排放总量来看,各优化处理能够减少N2O排放量,提高作物产量,降低单位产量N2O排放量。具体表现为:1与CON处理的N2O排放量相比,OPT、OPT+DCD和OPT(SR)处理分别减排29.2%(P0.01)、38.7%(P0.01)和39.3%(P0.01),但3个优化处理间差异不显著;2与CON处理的产量相比,OPT、OPT+DCD和OPT(SR)处理分别增产3.8%(P0.05)、15.2%(P0.05)和9.5%(P0.05);3与CON处理的单位产量N2O排放量相比,OPT处理单位产量N2O排放量减少31.7%(P0.05);而相对于OPT处理,OPT+DCD处理和OPT(SR)处理分别减少了单位产量排放量的22.1%(P0.05)和18.9%(P0.05)。本研究表明,减少施氮量至150 kg·hm-2,并施用秸秆是减少N2O排放的重要手段,而施用缓控释肥或一定量的DCD可提升作物产量。     

活化褐煤包裹尿素的作物效应

研制缓释氮肥是解决肥料利用率低,环境污染等问题的有效手段.试验研究选取具有一定水溶性庸殖酸含量的活化褐煤作为包裹材料包裹尿素,制作出具有一定缓释效果的包裹尿素,通过小麦盆栽试验验证其作物效应.结果表明,施用包裹尿素的小麦在N累积和产量上均优于施用普通尿素的小麦,其中每穗粒数提高8.2％,单株产量提高13.3％,成熟期N累积量提高了15.8％.因此,活化褐煤包裹尿素对促进植物生长、提高氮肥肥效都具有积极作用.     

小麦品种慢叶锈性的研究

小麦慢叶锈品种具有侵染率低、潜伏期长、孢子堆小、产孢量少、严重度低、病害进展曲线下面积小和病害虽流行但产量损失不显著等特点.潜伏期和扬花期平均病害严重度与产量损失的关系最密切,因此测定某一小麦品种的潜伏期(x_1)和平均病害严重度(x_2)(田间感病对照品种发病达50%或95%时),可以作为衡量该品种慢(快)叶锈性的两个指标和选种的依据.用y=94.67-3.10x_1+0.51x_2估测由叶锈造成的小区产量损失(y)有一定可靠性(R=0.96).用聚类分析法把供试品种分为慢锈、中慢、中快和快锈品种类型.苗期和成株期慢叶锈性有一定的吻合性.     

Partial resistance of barley to leaf rust,Puccinia hordei. IV. Effect of cultivar and development stage on infection frequency

Summary The cultivar effect on infection frequency (IF) was studied in the seedling and adult plant stages of 15 spring barley cultivars. In both stages the cultivar effects were highly significant. The cultivars L94 and Vada represented the extremes. Vada having about 2 1/2 times fewer uredosori than L94. Between cultivars and development stage clear interactions occurred. Pauline f.i. had the same low IF as Vada in the seedling stage, but in the adult plant stage its IF was about 70% higher. Also other effects could influence the cultivar effects. Increasing leaf age appears to increase IF. The cultivar effect also seemed to depend on the level of IF. At high levels the cultivars differed far less than at low levels of IF. The cultivar effect on IF appeared correlated with partial resistance in the field (r=0.7) through a high correlation with the cultivar effect on latent period (r=0.8).     

Partial resistance of barley to leaf rust,Puccinia hordei. III. The inheritance of the host plant effect on latent period in four cultivars

Summary The latent period (LP) in the barley-leaf rust relationship is an important component of the partial resistance complex. The inheritance of the host plant effect on LP was studied in five crosses between four cultivars. The LP, effectuated by the susceptible cultivars L94 and L92, were 8.0 and 8.6 days resp., those of the resistant cultivars Minerva (Mi) and Vada (Va) 16.9 and 17.1 days resp. The mean F₁ and F₂ values of the crosses L92×L94 and Mi x Va were intermediate between the parental ones. The variances of the F₂'s were slightly larger than those of the parents and the F₁'s indicating some segregation. In the crosses between a susceptible and a resistant cultivar the F₁ value was half way between the mid-parent and susceptible parent value. The F₂ mean lay approximately half way between the mid-parent and F₁ value, with a distribution positively skewed and slightly bimodal. There was no transgression, in fact not even the parental values were recovered among nearly 500 F₂ plants. The F₃-lines of the crosses between susceptible and resistant cultivars showed within line variances from as low as the parental values to as high as or higher than those of the F₂. In hte F₃'s the parental values could be recovered although no transgression occurred.L94 is supposed to carry no genes effecting a longer LP. The long LP of Mi and Va, assuming no linkage, is thought to be effectuated by the cumulative action of a recessive gene with a fairly large effect and some four to five minor genes with additive inheritance. One of these minor genes is supposed to be carried by L92, while Mi and Va are thought to differ for one minor gene only. In case linkage exists, the number of minor genes involved could be higher.     

钾细菌制剂对土壤钾素的影响探讨

试验K细菌制剂在控制条件和大田下对土壤难溶性K的转化作用,特别是土壤速效钾和缓效钾的动态变化表明,缺K土壤适当施用K细菌制剂,可增加土壤速效钾含量,成熟植株体内K增加32.3％,拔节孕穗期土壤速效钾含量比对照高128.6％,而土壤、磷矿粉、沙子等3种基质平均速效钾含量比对照高160.6％。K细菌制剂不板结土壤和不污染水源。