硅对镉胁迫下水稻幼苗体内镉分布规律的研究

采用溶液培养,研究不同浓度(0、30、80、130、180mg/L)的SiO2在4.0mg/LCdCl2浓度胁迫下对水稻幼苗体内镉(Cd)的分布规律。结果表明,在Cd胁迫下Si降低了水稻幼苗根、茎、叶、鞘、共质体和质外体Cd含量,其分布规律为:根茎叶茎鞘叶片,呈现出末端分布规律。说明Si促使大量的Cd累积在根中,根是Cd累积的主要部位,而茎、叶中Cd累积量较少。可见,Si可抑制水稻体内Cd由地下部分向地上部分运输,且能抑制地上部分Cd向叶片运输,并能减少Cd进入共质体。     

几种微量元素作用及对水稻发育的影响

硅、锌、锰、硼、硒是植物生长发育中不可缺少的微量元素,植物将土壤中的微量元素转化成有机物,直接影响到人类的健康。大量试验结果证明,适量施用微肥可以明显提高水稻产量,改善水稻品质,增强水稻抗逆性和抗病性。我国在微肥方面的研究也取得较大成就。     

硅对赤红壤中锰的解毒效应研究

采用培养试验方法研究了硅肥对酸性土壤中锰毒性的影响, 旨在为酸性土壤锰毒害的防控提供科学依据。结果表明,甘蔗的根际效应明显, 根际土壤中的pH值、有效硅含量较低而活性锰及水溶态锰、交换态锰、有机结合态锰、碳酸盐结合态锰、铁锰氧化态锰含量均显著高于土体。然而,施用硅肥(偏硅酸钠)后,土壤活性锰含量和水溶态、交换态尧、机结合态锰含量均显著降低, 但是硅肥对根际土壤锰含量和形态的效应弱于土体;并且,施用硅肥使甘蔗地上部锰含量(47.1~112.1 mg/kg)显著降低, 并且有随着硅肥用量(0.5~2.1 g/kg)增加而降低的趋势;虽然硅肥的施用也减少甘蔗地上部铁的含量, 但铁锰比值却从对照的2.51 增加至2.92~5.72 之间。因此,施用硅肥后甘蔗株高、总生物量分别提高4.07%~15.24%、8.41%~28.03%。可见, 硅肥的施用减轻了酸性土壤中锰的毒害。     

水耕人为土时间序列的植硅体及其闭留碳演变特征

以浙江慈溪滨海沉积物上发育的5个具有不同植稻年龄的水耕人为土剖面为研究对象,系统分析了土壤中的植硅体及其闭留碳的演变特征。结果表明,水耕人为土时间序列土壤中植硅体的含量变幅为3.67~17.51 g kg-1。水耕人为土中植硅体的剖面分布特征与有机碳相似,呈现出随着土壤深度的增加含量逐渐降低的趋势。其剖面分布特征表明植硅体在水耕人为土中不易移动。与起源土相比,水耕人为土表层植硅体含量有较大程度的增加,说明植稻有利于植硅体在土壤表层富集。而植硅体随植稻年龄的增加没有表现出有规律的增加或减少趋势。统计分析表明植硅体和总硅之间呈极显著正相关,说明植硅体对土壤发生中的硅循环起着重要作用。水稻产生的植硅体其体内闭留的碳量较高,但由于土体内植硅体总量较低,植硅体闭留碳仅占总有机碳的0.93%~1.68%。现有数据表明,仅通过根系与残茬返还土壤,种植富硅植物水稻并不能显著增强土壤的长期固碳能力。由于植硅体固定的碳在土壤环境中比较稳定,如果能强化秸秆还田,植稻对于土壤长期固碳具有意义。     

花文化在城市公园景观设计中的应用

中国的花文化源远流长,包括物质花文化和精神花文化两个方面,同时花文化又具有深邃的意蕴。同时,花文化与国花均是一个国家和民族文化的重要组成部分。以北京四季青镇国花园规划设计为例,从规划目标、规划设计理念到具体的景区、景点设计,阐释了中国花文化如何在城市公园景观设计中得以应用,以期为理解、应用、传承中国的花文化提供必要的参考。     

硅对不同辣椒品种生理特性、镉积累及化学形态的影响

采用盆栽试验方法研究了重金属Cd（10 mg?kg-1）胁迫下,叶面喷施有机Si和无机Si对不同辣椒品种生长、抗氧化酶活性及辣椒体内Cd形态和积累量的影响。结果表明：在Cd污染（10 mg?kg-1）土壤上,2个辣椒品种对叶面喷施有机Si或无机Si的反应不同。喷施Si后,世农朝天椒的果实干质量较对照分别增加28.1 %、11.4 %,艳椒425的果实干质量较对照分别降低了32.3 %、55.1 %;喷施Si提高了辣椒叶片CAT和POD活性;辣椒果实中Cd的形态以FNaCl>FHAC>FE>FHCl>>FW>Fr,喷施Si明显降低了世农朝天椒果实中乙醇提取态Cd、氯化钠提取态Cd含量和Cd总提取量,增加了艳椒425果实中氯化钠提取态Cd、醋酸提取态Cd含量和Cd总提取量;辣椒中Cd积累量以茎>根或叶>果实,叶面喷施有机Si或无机Si明显减少Cd在2个辣椒品种果实中的蓄集,艳椒425和世农朝天椒果实Cd积累量降幅分别为19.1 %、23.3 %和13.4 %、26.1 %;在相同处理条件下,辣椒果实中Cd的含量和积累量均以艳椒425>世农朝天椒。     

Characteristics of brown forest soils developed under beech forests in the kinki and the tohoku districts with special reference to their pedogenetic processes

Abstract

Properties of sesquioxides, clay mineralogical composition, and charge characteristics of Brown Forest soils developed under beech forests in the Kinki (Ohdaigahara) and the Tohoku District (Hakkoda) were studied with special reference to their pedogenetic processes.

The Brown Forest soils in the Kinki District were characterized by the translocation of free Al, formation of Al and/or Fe-humus complexes throughout the profile, and the predominance of 2:1: 1-2:1 intergrade minerals in the subsurface horizons, whereas those in the Tohoku District were characterized by the formation of allophane and no remarkable translocation of free Al oxides. This difference in the pedogenetic processes under the same vegetation was reflected on the amounts of Al released from primary minerals in relation to the amounts of organic matter accumulated. Major distinctive characteristics included the values of the Alp/Alo, the Fep/Feo, the Alo/Ald ratios, the Sio content, and the STPT-ZPC and pH(H₂O) values.

Among these the values of the Alo/Ald ratio and/or the Sio content were found to be suitable indices for the differentiation of Brown Forest soils from Andisols in Japan In addition to the criteria used to define andic soil properties.     

Measurement of Si adsorption and “Active Si” in a soil amended with slag fertilizers by using stable isotope 30SP

The silicic acid adsorption by a soil (Eutric Gleysols) where slag fertilizers were applied was measured by the addition of a silicic acid solution labelled with ³⁰Si after soil incubation, in order to study the effect of slag application on the specific Si adsorption by the soil and to estimate the amount of Si in the soil solid phase which can easily enter the soil solution. It was evident that the application of slags increased the ability of soil to adsorb Si. It was also shown that the ³⁰Si added was diluted with not only the Si present in the soil solution but also the Si dissolved from the soil solid phase. We proposed the use of the term “active” for Si in soil which can take part in the isotopic dilution within 1 h. The amount of active Si in the soil solid and liquid phases (D ₆₀ - value) was calculated from the ³⁰Si content in the soil solution and compared with the amount of Si taken up by rice plant (Oryza sativa L.), which was determined in our previous study. The buffering capacity of the soil for Si, which can reflect the ability of soil to maintain the Si concentration in the soil solution constant when Si is added to or removed from the soil, was also determined. The D ₆₀ - value and the Si buffering capacity of the soil increased by slag application. These increases were large when the alkalinity of the applied slags was high. The correlation study revealed that the D ₆₀ - value was a better index of Si availability of the soil than the amount of Si dissolved from the soil solid phase during the incubation when the slags were previously applied.     

中国图书分类法的历史嬗变探究

图书分类法在我国有着悠久的历史,世界公认的我国最早反映图书分类体系的著作,也就是我国最早的一部图书分类法,是西汉末年刘向、刘歆父子编成的《七略》;到三国、西晋时,由于学术思想不断变化,典籍与日俱增,为了适应当时类分图书的要求,我国图书分类法的又一系统——四部分类法也就随之诞生。之后宋代还有郑樵的图书分类法。到了20世纪初,杜威十进分类法开始传入我国。受其影响,国内图书馆界许多学者经过不断的探索创新,终于创立了我国自己的现代图书分类法。其中在全国推行较广最具有代表性的图书分类法主要有三部:分别是《中国图书馆图书分类法》(简称《中图法》)、《中国人民大学图书分类法》(简称《人大法》)、《中国科学院图书馆图书分类法》(简称《科图法》)。     

Synergistic effect of Si and K in improving the growth,ion distribution and partitioning of Lolium perenne L.under saline-alkali stress

The application of Si or K has proven to be beneficial for the growth of plants under saline-alkali stress. However, the synergistic effect of Si and K in improving the growth, ion distribution, and partitioning in Lolium perenne L. under saline-alkali stress remains unclear. In this study, the growth characteristics and ion-selective absorption of ryegrass(Lolium perenne L.) exposed to different levels of saline-alkali stress were evaluated. The growth parameters of ryegrass were significantly improved when Si was applied by itself or coupled with K under low saline-alkali stress. Under a high saline-alkali level, only simultaneous application of Si and K could significantly improve the growth of ryegrass. When Si and K were applied together, the K~+/Na~+ and Ca~(2+)/Na~+ ratios in root, stem, and leaf of ryegrass were maximally improved as compared to the individual treatments and control. The K~+ and Ca~(2+) concentrations in the vacuole, cell wall, and organelle of leaf were increased dramatically. This improvement was due to the ability of applied ions to compete with Na+, allowing the plant to maintain osmotic potential and leaf water content. The concentration of Na~+ was significantly reduced when Si and K were applied and mainly concentrated in the soluble fraction and cell wall. The Si concentration in ryegrass increased markedly by the combined application of Si and K, and most of it was accumulated in the cell wall and soluble fraction, which could help in chlorophyll synthesis, reduce membrane injury, and increase water absorption under saline-alkali stress. This study emphasized the advantage of Si and/or K on the growth of plants under different saline-alkaline levels and provided a guide for the production of Si-K fertilizer and its application in saline-alkali soil.