温度和砷对不同品种水稻幼苗生长和砷吸收的影响

为明确温度和外源砷对水稻生长发育的影响,选取江苏地区常见的8个水稻品种为试验材料,通过添加不同浓度外源砷[0(As0)、0.5(As0.5) 和1 mg?L-1(As1)]和模拟不同温度[白天/夜晚分别为30 ℃/25 ℃（T0）和35 ℃/30 ℃（T1）],在人工气候箱内进行了发芽和苗期培养试验,并分析了8个品种水稻种子萌发、幼苗生长及砷含量状况。结果表明,外源砷对水稻的芽长和活力指数具有抑制作用,与对照（T0As0）相比,T0As1处理使不同品种水稻的芽长和活力指数分别降低13.69%~43.34%和28.14%~52.88%。 而温度对水稻种子萌发的影响与水稻品种有关。在T1处理下,盐两优1618的发芽率、芽长和活力指数均优于其他品种。温度和外源砷的共同作用显著降低了不同品种水稻的芽长（P<0.05）。与T0As0相比,T1As1使水稻芽长显著降低5.66%~43.34%。水稻根长和根系活力显著受到温度和外源砷的单一因素的影响。与T0As0相比,T0As1处理使水稻根系活力降低3.01%~58.21%。温度和外源砷的共同作用抑制了水稻根长和根系活力,其中T1As1使水稻根系活力显著降低53.80%~89.01%。不同品种水稻的苗高和根系活力在相同温度或外源砷处理下具有显著差异（P<0.05）,其中盐两优888的苗高和根系活力均处于较高水平。水稻茎叶砷含量在外源砷处理下显著增加,在增温处理下却降低。与单一的砷处理相比,温度和外源砷的共同作用降低了水稻茎叶的砷含量。综上可知,温度和外源砷影响水稻的生长及砷吸收,但水稻生长状况具有明显的品种间差异,其中盐两优888和盐两优1618在增温和外源砷共存条件下的种子萌发和生长状况优于其他水稻品种。     

Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of a phi-type glutathione S-transferase from Oryza sativa

The structural gene for glutathione S-transferase in Oryza sativa was successfully cloned from a cDNA library by the polymerase chain reaction method. The deduced amino acid sequence of this gene showed 44-66% similarity to the sequences of the class phi GSTs from Arabidopsis thaliana and Zea mays. This gene was expressed in Escherichia coli with the pET vector system and the gene product was purified to homogeneity by GSH-Sepharose affinity column chromatography. The expressed OsGSTF3-3 was a homo-dimer composed of 24 kDa subunit and its pI value was approximately 7.3. The OsGSTF3-3 was retained on GSH affinity column and its K_m value for GSH was 0.28 mM. The OsGSTF3-3 displayed high activity toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, a general GST substrate and also had high activities towards acetanilide herbicides, alachlor, and metolachlor. The OsGSTF3-3 was highly sensitive to inhibition by benastatin A and S-hexyl-GSH. From these results, the expressed OsGSTF3-3 is a phi class GST and seems to play an important role in the conjugation of the chloroacetanilide herbicides.     

Inconspicuous restraint of rice seedling growth by root-infecting fungi in soil of a rice paddy field

 Rice seedling growth, estimated by plant height and root development and discoloration, was better in pasteurized soil than in unpasteurized soil obtained from a flooded rice field. Rice seedlings also grew better in sterilized soil modified by adding roots harvested from the pasteurized soil than in soil modified by adding roots harvested from the unpasteurized soil. The results demonstrate that seedling growth in the rice field soil was inhibited by soil microorganisms, even though no typical symptoms such as seedling blight or damping-off appeared. Pythium aristosporum is suggested to be involved in the inhibition. Thus, it appears that inconspicuous restraint of rice seedling growth could occur in soils of rice paddy fields. Received: May 20, 2002 / Accepted: October 16, 2002 Acknowledgments The authors thank Dr. T. Ichitani, former professor at Osaka Prefectural University, for providing an isolate of Pythium aristosporum for comparison, and Mr. Mitsuaki Sato of Akita Prefectural College of Agriculture for technical assistance.     

Wind-mediated spread of Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) in irrigated rice crops

A study was carried out to demonstrate that Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV), a virus known to be transmitted by beetles, can spread between rice plants by direct leaf contact caused by wind. Almost all healthy plants surrounding an infected plant became infected when exposed to a fan blowing for 15 min at a distance of 50 cm. Spread of RYMV by plant contact, mediated by wind, was also demonstrated in field experiments, the extent of spread depending on plant density. Infection was almost 10 times higher in plots with a density of 33 plants m⁻² than in plots with 16 plants m⁻². Less spread was observed in plots protected by 1·5 m high windscreens. It is suggested that wind-mediated spread of RYMV may result from abrasive contact between leaves of plants.     

浙北地区早熟松花菜品种比较试验

在浙北松花菜秋季栽培区选择试点,对6个早熟松花菜新品种进行了比较试验。试验结果表明,浙农松花50天是浙北地区秋季抢早栽培的较为理想的品种,而农美50天产量潜力最大,但成熟期略迟,生产上可根据实际情况加以应用。     

早熟番茄新品种津粉207的选育

津粉207是利用自交系09-163为母本、10-202为父本杂交育成的番茄杂交一代品种。无限生长类型,耐低温,早熟、果实粉红、果形美观,单果质量在220 g以上,产量高,抗番茄黄化曲叶病毒病、烟草花叶病毒病和番茄灰叶斑病等,适宜华北地区早春保护地栽培。     

基于“多基因聚合-早世代组配”策略的水稻分子改良研究

传统水稻育种技术最主要瓶颈是选择效率低和周期长。为了提高水稻优异材料选育和杂交稻组配效率,创新水稻分子育种策略,利用分子标记辅助选择多基因聚合和早世代杂交组配,展开水稻恢复系分子改良和杂交新组合的调查评价。供体亲本H318与恢复系亲本华占进行杂交,通过选择和设计关键有利基因的分子标记,利用毛细管电泳基因分型技术,将Wxb、fgr、Xa23、Pi2、Pi46以及Pita 6个稻米品质、香味、抗白叶枯病和抗稻瘟病相关功能基因进行聚合利用。通过多世代的田间生物学性状调查,米质、抗性等表型鉴定,获得14份以恢复系华占为遗传背景,目标基因纯合的优质、双抗和香型稳定的水稻株系。依据材料稳定遗传特性,将改良后代株系与生产应用的不育系进行测配和组合的调查评价,筛选获得潜在优良杂交稻。在育种进程中采用"多基因聚合-早世代组配"策略,实现多个有利基因快速聚合,定向改良稻米品质和抗病性等关键性状,并且促进杂交水稻组合的高效选育。     

稻麦两熟制条件下钵苗机插方式对不同类型水稻品种米质的影响

为探明钵苗机插方式在稻麦两熟地区对水稻米质性状的影响及其品种类型间差异,本文以常规粳稻、杂交籼稻和籼粳交水稻为材料,比较了钵苗机插、毯苗机插和机械直播3种种植方式在稻麦两熟制高产栽培条件下的稻米加工品质、外观品质、营养品质、蒸煮食味品质特性变化及其品种类型间差异。结果表明,钵苗机插的整精米率比毯苗机插和机械直播分别提高1.6%和4.9%(P0.05),整精米产量分别提高7.8%和25.9%(P0.05),改善了稻米加工品质;与毯苗机插和机械直播相比,钵苗机插的稻米垩白米率、垩白面积和垩白度显著增加,对稻米外观品质有不利影响,但钵苗机插精米蛋白质含量较高,有利于稻米营养品质的改良,其精米蛋白质产量分别比毯苗机插和机械直播提高8.7%和28.0%;3种种植方式相比,钵苗机插稻米蒸煮食味品质表现出一定程度的变优趋势,其中,稻米直链淀粉含量、消减值和糊化温度呈钵苗机插毯苗机插机械直播的趋势,胶稠度、峰值黏度、热浆黏度、最终黏度和崩解值呈钵苗机插毯苗机插机械直播的趋势;食味值于种植方式间无显著差异,呈籼粳交水稻和常规粳稻钵苗机插毯苗机插机械直播,杂交籼稻毯苗机插钵苗机插机械直播的趋势。由此得出,钵苗机插不仅能增加稻谷产量,还能改善部分稻米品质特征,是稻麦两熟地区实现高产高效优质协调水稻生产的潜力型机械化种植方式。     

南方高海拔地区栽培甜樱桃质地特性研究

以南方高海拔地区栽培的甜樱桃品种“美早”和“萨米脱”为试材，利用质构仪质地多面分析法（TPA）和整果穿刺法研究其贮藏过程中质地特性的变化。结果表明，贮藏过程中两个品种樱桃果肉的硬度与弹性、咀嚼性，咀嚼性与弹性均呈极显著正相关，且随贮藏时间的延长，果肉硬度、弹性、咀嚼性和果皮强度下降，果皮韧性增强，而果肉凝聚性和回复性则先上升后下降。贮藏42 d后，“美早”甜樱桃果肉的硬度、咀嚼性、凝聚性和回复性显著高于“萨米脱”甜樱桃，同时保持较低的果皮韧性，说明其更耐贮藏。     

水稻根系育种研究进展

水稻（Oryza sativa L.）根系对水稻的生长发育及产量形成具有至关重要的作用。根据目前水稻根系育种的研究现状，分析了水稻根系育种对提高产量、改变形态特征和生理特性的重要性，并对其研究前景进行了分析和展望。