温度对玉米蚜发育和繁殖的影响

5种恒温条件下，研究了玉米蚜的生长发育及繁殖规律。在10－25℃时，随温度的升高，若蚜的发育速率加快，发育历期缩短；无翅蚜若虫期的发育起点温度为3．03℃，有效积温为12．80日度，有翅蚜若虫期的发育起点温度为4．32℃，有效积温为135，33日度；在15－30℃时，若蚜存活率为62．8％－84．9％，10℃和35℃时，若蚜存活率下降到13．6％和36．3％；平均寿命随温度升高而缩短；不同温度下繁殖能力不同，25℃时繁殖能力最强，每雌平均产仔量无翅蚜为38．5头，有翅蚜为35．1头。25℃为玉米蚜生长发育及繁殖的最适温度。     

Transmission of potato virus Y by cereal aphids

Summary The cereal aphidRhopalosiphum padi transmitted PVY^O and PVY^N from and to both tobacco and potato. However, it transmitted much less frequently thanMyzus persicae, even when aphids making single probes were compared.R. padi andM. persicae retained PVY for a similar duration. Both alatae and apterae ofR. padi transmitted infrequently, as also did progenies of individual aphids that had transmitted PVY.Metopolophium dirhodum also transmitted PVY infequently butSitobion avenae did not transmit.

---

Zusammenfassung In Laborversuchen übertrugen ca, 1% der Getreideblattl?useRhopalosiphum padi undMetopolophium dirhodum, nicht jedochSitobion avenae das Kartoffel-Y-Virus (PVY). 65% vonMyzus persicae übertrugen PVY.R. padi übertrugauch dann weniger h?ufig alsM. persicae, wenn die Aphiden bei Einzelentnahmen untersucht wurden.R. padi übertrug PVY^O und PVY^N von und auf die Tabaksorte White Burley und die Kartoffelsorte King Edward. Zwei oder zehn Minuten Einwirkung waren optimal fürM. persicae, um PVY zu erlangen, w?hrendR. padi PVY h?ufiger nach l?ngeren Entwirkungszeiten übertrug (Tabelle 1).R. padi undM. persicae beinhalteten PVY für eine ?hnliche Zeitdauer (Tabelle 2). Sowohl alatae als auch apterae vonR. padi übertrugen unregelm?ssig, ebenso Nachkommen von individuellen Aphiden, welche PVY übertragen hatten.

---

Résumé En tests de laboratoire, environ 1% des pucerons des céréalesRhopalosiphum padi etMetopolophium dirhodum, aucun deSitobion avenae et environ 65% deMyzus persicae transmettent PVY.R. padi transmet également moins fréquemment queM. persicae lorsque les pucerons sont mis en comparaison par piq?re unique.R. padi acquiert PVY^O et PVY^N à partir des variétés de tabac White Burley et de pomme de terre King Edward et les transmet à ces deux mêmes variétés. Deux ou 10 minutes d'acquisition sont optimum pour queM. persicae acquiert PVY tandis queR. padi transmet PVY plus fréquemment après une plus longue période d'acquisition (tableau 1).R. padi etM. persicae conservent PVY dans les mêmes délais (tableau 2). Les ailés et les aptères deR. padi transmettent rarement PVY comme les descendants de pucerons ayant transmis PVY.

     

不同玉米品种抗蚜性室内鉴定

采用环境气候室人工接蚜虫鉴定和累计蚜情指数(I_(aa))评判法,对22份玉米品种进行抗玉米蚜Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch鉴定。结果表明,不同玉米品种的抗蚜性差异显著,在抗性品种上玉米蚜种群数量为负增长,产生的有翅蚜少;在感虫品种上玉米蚜种群数量急剧增长,并伴随大量有翅蚜产生。I_(aa)值从高抗蚜品种的1.1到高感品种的31.4。高感或感蚜品种9个,占比41%;中抗和抗蚜品种4个,占比18%;高抗品种9个,占比41%。生产上推广种植面积较大的京科968和先玉335等具有中等抗蚜水平,郑单958等高感蚜虫。     

不同植物对禾谷缢管蚜酯酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的诱导作用

采用生化分析方法研究了取食不同植物对禾谷缢管蚜酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶活性及对吡虫啉敏感性的影响。结果发现,取食不同植物的禾谷缢管蚜的酯酶活性存在显著差异,但其乙酰胆碱酯酶活性无显著差异。取食不同寄主植物的禾谷缢管蚜对吡虫啉的敏感性也存在显著差异,且与其酯酶活性的变化规律相一致。结果表明寄主植物可诱导禾谷缢管蚜体内酯酶活性的改变,从而影响其对吡虫啉敏感性的变化,但寄主植物对其乙酰胆碱酯酶活性无明显影响。     

亚致死浓度毒死蜱对小麦禾谷缢管蚜生长和繁殖的影响

为探讨毒死蜱对小麦禾谷缢管蚜Rhopalosiphum padi(Linnaeus)的亚致死效应,采用玻璃管药膜法确定了其亚致死浓度(LC10、LC20和LC30),并研究了该浓度下毒死蜱对小麦禾谷缢管蚜生长和繁殖的影响。结果表明:以LC10、LC20和LC30浓度处理后,禾谷缢管蚜成蚜的寿命分别为(8.60±0.22)、(8.03±0.18)和(6.68±0.18)d,均显著短于对照的(10.36±0.31)d;单雌产仔量分别为(21.88±0.63)、(20.41±0.53)和(16.68±0.35)只,也均显著少于对照的(26.40±0.89)只;产仔历期分别为(7.55±0.22)、(6.69±0.17)和(5.64±0.15)d,均显著短于对照的(9.13±0.31)d;试验浓度药剂处理对下一代若蚜期的影响不显著;LC30浓度处理对下一代成蚜繁殖有显著的抑制作用,可减少单雌产仔量3.74只,缩短产仔历期1.39 d。生命表参数分析表明:LC30浓度毒死蜱处理使小麦禾谷缢管蚜的净增殖率(R0)比对照降低了34.71%,使种群加倍时间(t)比对照延长了17.37%;LC20浓度处理使小麦禾谷缢管蚜的平均世代历期(T)延长了12.59%;LC10浓度处理组各项指标与对照间无显著性差异。研究表明,亚致死浓度毒死蜱能够缩短小麦禾谷缢管蚜成蚜的寿命,降低其繁殖力,该结果对小麦禾谷缢管蚜综合防治策略的制定具有积极意义。     

Aphid acceptance of Hordeum genotypes is affected by plant volatile exposure and is correlated with aphid growth

Nineteen genotypes of Hordeum vulgare (L.) were screened and characterized as partially resistant or susceptible regarding growth of the bird cherry—oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.). In a separate test, these same genotypes were treated with volatiles from undamaged plants of barley cultivar Alva. As a result of this treatment, aphid host acceptance (AHA) was significantly affected in seven genotypes, and the magnitude of the effect was positively correlated with aphid growth (AG) in the independent resistance screening test. Changes in AHA induced by volatiles from the same genotype as the volatile receiver were also positively correlated with AG. All the 19 genotypes were also tested as inducers with cultivar Kara as the receiver of volatiles. Five genotypes induced significant reductions in AHA of Kara. The results show that aphids are able to detect changes in responding plants induced by volatiles from another plant. Plant volatile interactions may thus be a component of induced resistance to aphids. These interactions could influence the results of experiments used to select for insect-resistant plants in plant breeding programmes, where normally plant genotypes are mixed at testing.     

禾谷缢管蚜取食5种山羊草的诱导抗性

【目的】研究5种山羊草（Aegilops）对禾谷缢管蚜（Rhopalosiphum padi）取食的诱导性抗性机理,探索多酚氧化酶（PPO）、过氧化物酶（POD）与苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）的诱导性抗性及协同抗蚜性,探索利用禾谷缢管蚜取食产生的叶片受害斑点面积进行抗性评价的可行性。【方法】利用薄层层析定量分析芦竹碱、紫外分光光度计测定PPO、POD、PAL酶活,用PHOTOSHOP 7.0估算受害斑点面积等。【结果】不同抗性野生山羊草旗叶受害斑点面积大小具有一定的规律性且与蚜量比值呈极显著正相关（r=0.951**）,与山羊草抗蚜性密切相关。在蚜虫取食诱导后,不同抗性水平的植株体内PPO、POD及PAL的酶活提高率随物种抗性水平的增加而增加,且与蚜量比值表现出一定的负相关;而与受害斑点面积表现出显著负相关,其多元逐步回归方程为Yarea＝0.187－0.0356XPOD [F=17.0065,F0.05（1,3）=10.1,F0.01（1,3）=34.1];PPO酶活诱导性提高率与蚜量比值的相关有56.37％是由POD协同作用而产生的,反之则为46.85％。在蚜虫取食诱导后,山羊草芦竹碱的含量提高率与蚜量比值呈显著的负相关,相关系数分别为－0.884*。【结论】蚜虫取食危害产生的叶片受害斑点面积大小与小麦抗蚜性密切相关。PPO、POD、PAL酶活提高率与蚜虫取食诱导有关。PPO与POD在山羊草抗蚜性方面具有协同作用。芦竹碱对禾谷缢管蚜种群数量发展具有一定的抑制作用。     

玉米自交系抗蚜性与农艺性状和叶片理化指标的关系

玉米蚜是危害玉米的重要害虫之一,为了筛选出对其高抗的自交系,分别在安徽凤阳和海南乐东,采用单叶蚜量计数法评价1 463个普通玉米自交系的抗性情况,测量了自交系的株高、穗位高、叶片数、叶长、叶宽、叶夹角、茎粗、叶片厚度、叶片硬度等农艺性状和叶片中蜡质、单宁、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量等化学品质,分析玉米自交系抗蚜性与农艺性状、叶片化学品质之间的关系。结果为高抗玉米蚜的自交系有233个,高感的自交系有121个;相关分析表明玉米自交系的株高、穗位高、叶片数、叶长、叶宽、叶夹角、茎粗、叶片蜡质含量均与玉米抗蚜性关系不显著,而叶片厚度、叶片硬度、单宁含量、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量与玉米抗蚜性显著相关。     

不同蚜虫密度胁迫对抗感玉米幼苗生理物质的影响

以两种不同抗蚜玉米(Zea mays L.)品种郑单958(抗蚜)、蠡玉16(感蚜)为研究对象,研究了其在三叶期受到不同密度(0、10、20、40、80头·株^-1)玉米蚜(Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch)刺吸胁迫后,丙二醛(MDA)、可溶性糖、叶绿素(Chl)、可溶性蛋白含量和保护酶活性等的动态变化。结果表明,在不同密度蚜虫刺吸胁迫过程中,郑单958和蠡玉16的可溶性糖含量随蚜虫密度的增加而升高,且郑单958的增长幅度小于蠡玉16;两个品种幼苗Chl含量则是随着蚜虫密度升高而呈现下降趋势,蠡玉16下降变化率明显大于郑单958;可溶性蛋白含量变化则与MDA含量变化趋势基本相同且均呈现出上升趋势;郑单958的丙二醛、可溶性蛋白含量的变化百分率均低于蠡玉16。因此,叶绿素含量与蚜虫密度之间呈负相关关系;而可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、MDA含量与蚜虫密度之间呈正相关。叶绿素含量变化率可以作为抗蚜性的一个指标,而可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量、MDA含量与玉米抗蚜性呈负相关。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性随蚜虫密度的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,但与对照组相比,总体上酶活性都是增加的;而多酚氧化酶(PPO)和苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)的活性随蚜虫密度的增加呈现上升的趋势。抗感蚜玉米品种苗期的酶活性与蚜虫的密度相关,且PPO、PAL起着主要保护作用;而SOD、POD、CAT只有在蚜虫密度较低的状态下才能发挥酶的保护作用。     

The use of coal fly ash in sodic soil reclamation

An experiment was conducted for two years in northwest India to explore the feasibility of using coal fly ash for reclamation of waterlogged sodic soils and its resultant effects on plant growth in padi–wheat rotation. The initial pH, electrical conductivity, exchangeable sodium percentage and sodium adsorption ratio of the experimental soil were 9.07, 3.87 dS m⁻¹, 26.0 and 4.77 (me l)^−1/2, respectively. The fly ash obtained from electrostatic precipitators of thermal power plant had a pH of 5.89 and electrical conductivity of 0.88 dS m⁻¹. The treatments comprised of fly ash levels of 0.0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5 per cent, used alone as well as in combination with 100, 80, 60, 40, 20 and 10 per cent gypsum requirement of the soil, respectively. There was a slight reduction in soil pH while electrical conductivity of the soil decreased significantly with fly ash as measured after padi and wheat crops. The sodium adsorption ratio of the soil decreased with increasing fly ash levels, while gypsum treatments considerably added to its favourable effects. Fly ash application increased the available elemental status of N, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, B, Mo, Al, Pb, Ni, Co, but decreased Na, P and Zn in the soil. An application of fly ash to the soil also increased the concentrations of above elements except Na, P and Zn in the seeds and straw of padi and wheat crops. The available as well as elemental concentrations in the plants was maximum in the 0 per cent fly ash + 100 per cent gypsum requirement treatment except Na and heavy elements like Ni, Co, Cr. The treatment effects were greater in the fly ash + gypsum requirement combinations as compared to fly ash alone. Saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil water retention generally improved with the addition of fly ash while bulk density decreased. Application of fly ash up to 4.5 per cent level increased the straw and grain yield of padi and wheat crops significantly in both years. The results indicated that for reclaiming sodic soils of the southwest Punjab, gypsum could possibly be substituted up to 40 per cent of the gypsum requirement with 3.0 per cent acidic fly ash. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.