Influence of tillage and crop residue on soil physical properties and yields of rice and wheat under shallow water table conditions

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of tillage and residue incorporation on soil properties and yields of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in rotation for 4 years on a silty clay loam of an Aquic Hapludoll with natural water table fluctuating between 0.05 and 0.97 m depth The rice experiment was laid out in split plot design with four levels of tillage, viz. conventional puddling (CP), puddling by four passes of rotavator (PR), reduced puddling by two passes of rotavator (ReP), and direct seeding without puddling (DSWP) and two levels of residue, viz. residue incorporation (RI) and residue removal (RR) in four replications. The treatments for wheat were zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT) with RI and RR superimposed over the plots of rice. Tillage for rice increased puddling index and bulk density (BD) over the years. The increase was significantly higher in CP and PR than in ReP. In wheat season, BD was higher under ZT than under CT but the differences were not significant. Puddling decreased saturated hydraulic conductivity with time, which became significantly lower in CP and PR in the fourth year than in ReP in the first year. Infiltration rate (IR) also decreased with time and was lowest in CP and PR. In wheat season, IR was at par under ZT and CT. Rice yield in PR was maximum and at par with that in ReP. But wheat yield was lowest in PR and highest in DSWP, and was at par in DSWP and ReP. Thus, rice yields were optimum under ReP, in which changes in soil properties were least, and wheat yields were optimum both under ZT and CT in the DSWP and ReP plots of rice under shallow water table conditions of the silty clay loam.     

Effect of tillage and residue management on enzyme activities in soils

Recent interest in soil tillage and residue management has focused on low-input sustainable agriculture. In this study we investigated the effect of three tillage systems (no-till, chisel plow, and moldboard plow) and four residue placements (bare, normal, mulch, and double mulch) on the activities of four amidohydrolases (amidase, L-asparaginase, L-glutaminase, and urease) in soils from four replicated field-plots. Correlation coefficients (r) for linear regressions between the activities of each of the enzymes and organic C or pH and between all possible paired amidohydrolases were also calculated. The results showed that the effects of tillage and residue management on pH in the 28 surface soil (0–15 cm) samples were not significant. The organic C content, however, was affected significantly by the different tillage and residue-management practices studied, being the greatest in soils with notill/double mulch treatment, and the least with no-till/bare and moldboard/normal treatments. Within the same tillage system, mulch treatment resulted in greater organic C content compared with normal or bare treatment. The activities of the amidohydrolases studied were generally greater in mulch-treated plots than in non-treated plots, and were significantly correlated with organic C contents of soils, with r values ranging from 0.70^*** to 0.90^***. Linear regression analyses of enzyme activities on pH values (in 0.01 M CaCl₂) of the 28 surface soils showed significant correlations for L-asparaginase, L-glutaminase, and urease, with r values of 0.74^***, 0.77^***, and 0.72^***, respectively, but not for amidase (r=0.24). The activities of the four amidohydrolases studied in the 40 soil samples tested were significantly intercorrelated, with r values ranging from 0.72^*** to 0.92^***. The activities of the four amidohydrolases decreased with increasing soil depth of the plow layer, and were accompanied by a decrease in organic C content.     

阿维菌素残留检测技术研究

阿维菌素作为抗生素类杀虫药剂,被广泛应用于农业和畜牧业。作为高毒化合物,其在动植物中的残留问题不容忽视。笔者综述了阿维菌素在蔬菜、水果、土壤、水、血液和牛组织中的残留检测技术。     

肉鸡组织中诺氟沙星残留的微生物学检测方法研究

以藤黄微球菌（Micrococcus luteus,28001）为工作菌,用杯碟法测定诺氟沙星在鸡组织中的残留。结果表明,诺氟沙星在磷酸盐缓冲液、肌肉、肝脏和肾脏中的最低检测限分别为0.12μg/ml、0.25μg/g、0.30μg/g、0.03μg/g。标准曲线的工作范围为0.12～1.92μg/ml。在肌肉、肝脏和肾脏中分别添加诺氟沙星0.50、0.60和1.00μg/g的回收率分别为（72.87±8.87）%（、82.61±9.99）%和（92.21±9.39）%。该方法灵敏度和回收率高,操作简便,不需特殊设备,样品用量少,易于推广,适用于诺氟沙星的定量分析。     

气相色谱法测定水果中有机磷农药残留量

[目的]探索气相色谱法测定水果中有机磷农药残留量的效果。[方法]以苹果、梨等水果为试材,应用Agilent 6890N型气相色谱仪同时测定水果中10种有机磷农药残留量,确立了10种有机磷农药的保留时间、线性回归方程、相关系数及检出限,并测定了它们在苹果、梨等水果中的回收率。[结果]10种有机磷农药线性关系良好。标准工作液添加水平为0.05,0.10,0.50 mg/kg的3次平行测定的回收率达到87.18%~116.88%;变异系数仅0.98%~10.99%。样品前处理中氮气浓缩乙腈是影响回收率测定结果的关键因子。[结论]该方法具有较好的准确度和精确度,是水果质量检测的有效方法。     

普乐宝在玉米中残留试验研究

介绍普乐宝在玉米中的残留量分析方法及残留试验结果.样品用石油醚-丙酮提取,提取液经氧化铝层析柱净化,再用气相色谱电子捕获检测器测定.该方法的添加回收率为84.6%～95.9%,最小检出量为8.2×10-12g,在样品中的最低检出浓度为0.001mg/kg.普乐宝在玉米和土壤中的半衰期分别为18～20 d、4～7 d.在玉米播后苗前,分别用2个施药浓度处理1次,玉米中未检出农药(残留量低于0.001mg/kg).     

不同栽培介质中铅、镉在茭白产品中残留的差异

[目的]为茭白的卫生安全生产提供参考依据。[方法]以单季茭品种"蒋墅茭"和双季茭品种"葑红早"为试材,以苇末和土壤为栽培基质进行不同浓度Cd2+、Pb2+胁迫处理,测定不同采收标准的产品器官中Cd2+、Pb2+残留量的变化。[结果]茭白产品器官对Cd2+、Pb2+的最高生物富集系数分别为0.340%和0.044%。过老发绿的肉质茎中,Cd2+、Pb2+的残留量最高,中等大小的肉质茎中残留量最低,且随重金属胁迫浓度的增加而显著增加。苇末基质栽培的茭白肉质茎中Cd2+、Pb2+的残留量均显著低于土壤栽培的。"葑红早"产品器官中Cd2+的残留量高于"蒋墅茭",Pb2+的残留量则相反。[结论]苇末栽培基质有利于降低重金属离子在茭白产品中的残留量。     

常用植物生长调节剂残留分析研究进展

综述了常用植物生长调节剂在食品中的残留分析方法。     

可降解地膜覆盖棉花增产效应的研究

田间试验结果表明 ,覆膜植棉可明显提高土壤温度 ,促进棉株生长 ,其 5cm土层土壤温度比露地栽培提高0 .1～ 2 .98℃ ,棉花产量提高 11.5 9%～ 18.31%。双解膜和光解膜在地膜降解前的增温效果略优于普通地膜 ,晴天增温幅度大于阴雨天。地膜降解诱导期过后 2种可降解地膜均顺利降解为面积较小碎片 ,而双解膜降解更快 ,缓解了农膜残留所造成白色污染。棉花生产可用可降解膜代替普通地膜 ,且需完善配套栽培技术。     

Long-term impact of reduced tillage and residue management on soil carbon stabilization: Implications for conservation agriculture on contrasting soils

Residue retention and reduced tillage are both conservation agricultural management options that may enhance soil organic carbon (SOC) stabilization in tropical soils. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of long-term tillage and residue management on SOC dynamics in a Chromic Luvisol (red clay soil) and Areni-Gleyic Luvisol (sandy soil) in Zimbabwe. At the time of sampling the soils had been under conventional tillage (CT), mulch ripping (MR), clean ripping (CR) and tied ridging (TR) for 9 years. Soil was fully dispersed and separated into 212–2000 μm (coarse sand), 53–212 μm (fine sand), 20–53 μm (coarse silt), 5–20 μm (fine silt) and 0–5 μm (clay) size fractions. The whole soil and size fractions were analyzed for C content. Conventional tillage treatments had the least amount of SOC, with 14.9 mg C g⁻¹ soil and 4.2 mg C g⁻¹ soil for the red clay and sandy soils, respectively. The highest SOC content was 6.8 mg C g⁻¹ soil in the sandy soil under MR, whereas for the red clay soil, TR had the highest SOC content of 20.4 mg C g⁻¹ soil. Organic C in the size fractions increased with decreasing size of the fractions. In both soils, the smallest response to management was observed in the clay size fractions, confirming that this size fraction is the most stable. The coarse sand-size fraction was most responsive to management in the sandy soil where MR had 42% more organic C than CR, suggesting that SOC contents of this fraction are predominantly controlled by amounts of C input. In contrast, the fine sand fraction was the most responsive fraction in the red clay soil with a 66% greater C content in the TR than CT. This result suggests that tillage disturbance is the dominant factor reducing C stabilization in a clayey soil, probably by reducing C stabilization within microaggregates. In conclusion, developing viable conservation agriculture practices to optimize SOC contents and long-term agroecosystem sustainability should prioritize the maintenance of C inputs (e.g. residue retention) to coarse textured soils, but should focus on the reduction of SOC decomposition (e.g. through reduced tillage) in fine textured soils.