The impact of small-scale design interventions on the behaviour patterns of the users of an urban wasteland

Urban derelict space can form a valuable complementary element to the formal green spaces of a city: wastelands are often biologically diverse and their unregulated status can provoke innovative spatial activities by a wide range of users. Using the case of an urban brownfield in Tallinn, Estonia, this paper examines how such a space is used and evaluates the magnitude of the impact of minor design interventions – so-called urban acupuncture – on the activities carried out by the users. The study used field observations and behaviour mapping to compare the spatial pattern of the users before and after small design interventions. Although there was widespread use beforehand there was both an increase in use and a different pattern afterwards, which was clearly detectable from the composite behaviour maps of both arrangements, where users follow the properties of the particular environment. The small improvements tested showed the largest effect on the female and the older user groups, raising the number of overall visits and increasing the occurrence of active behaviour almost five times. The research demonstrates that small, inexpensive and possibly temporary interventions can have a major positive effect.     

普通小麦“宁7840×Clark”RIL群体抗条锈病QTL分析(英文)

为了解小麦条锈病抗病基因在染色体上的位置,对源自小麦杂交组合宁7840×Clark的重组自交系(RIL)群体进行了抗条锈病QTL分析。结果表明,在染色体1BS上检测到一个主效的QTL即QYr-hwwg-1B。该QTL由抗病亲本宁7840提供,位于SNP标记Xsnp3620和Xsnp5435之间,区间长度为2.5cM,可解释55.8%的表型变异。根据宁7840的小种抗性推测QYr-hwwg-1B可能是由来自1B/1R易位系的抗病基因Yr9引起的。抗性基因Yr9、Yr10、Yr15、Yr24、Yr26、YrH52和YrAlp均位于小麦1B染色体短臂的一端,形成一个抗条锈基因簇,并与SSR标记Xgwm11紧密连锁。另外,有56个SNP标记与该标记区间共分离,可以用于小麦抗条锈基因精细定位图谱的构建及分子标记辅助选择育种。     

野生大豆回交导入系蛋白质含量性状的QTL分析

以野生型大豆ZYD00006（供体亲本）与黑龙江省主栽品种绥农14（轮回亲本）所构建的回交导入系（1204株）为研究材料,利用WinQTL2.5的复合区间作图法(CIM)在9个连锁群定位了16个与蛋白质含量相关的QTL（14个正效应,2个负效应）;导入系群体经过严格的蛋白质含量筛选鉴定,得到10个蛋白质含量性状明显大于轮回亲本的导入系株行。利用这10个高蛋白含量株行（选择群体）结合随机对照群体,通过基于遗传搭车原理的卡方分析,检测到分布于10个连锁群上的17个与大豆蛋白质含量相关的标记位点,对蛋白质含量表现为正效应。两种方法共同检测到7个QTL。这些材料和位点将为高蛋白含量相关基因克隆及分子辅助育种提供重要的材料基础和标记信息。     

小麦籽粒性状的QTL定位

为了明确小麦籽粒性状的遗传控制基础,以γ射线诱变结合花药培养创制的大粒、高蛋白小麦新种质H307及生产上主栽品种郑麦9023创建的含有310个株系的重组自交系为实验材料,利用QTL-ICIMapping V3.3软件构建了包含133对SSR标记的遗传连锁图谱,对千粒重、粒长、粒宽、籽粒面积、周长、粗蛋白和淀粉含量进行QTL分析,结果在两年环境条件下共检测到47个加性QTL和10个QTL富集区,其中6个千粒重QTL,分别位于1D、2B、3D、6D和7A染色体上,单个QTL可解释4.54%~13.14%的表型变异;31个粒形QTL,位于1B、1D、2B、3B、3D、5A、5D、6B、6D、7A和7D染色体上,单个QTL可解释2.90%~15.86%的表型变异;10个粗蛋白和淀粉含量QTL,分别位于1A、1B、4B和6A染色体上,单个QTL可解释3.64%~12.19%的表型变异。2B染色体上检测到1个贡献率较大且能稳定表达的重要染色体区段,该区段包含控制小麦千粒重、粒长、粒宽、籽粒面积和周长的10个QTL。1BL染色体上检测到1个控制籽粒粗蛋白含量的微效QTL,对表型的贡献率为3.64%,与连锁分子标记gwm818的遗传距离为0.22cM,该位点是一个不同于前人研究结果的新位点。     

QTL Mapping for Rice Hull Thickness and Related Traits in Hybrid RiceXieyou 9308简

We conducted a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis of 165 rice recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Zhonghui 9308 (Z9308) and Xieqingzao B (XB) in Hainan and Hangzhou, China. Grain thickness (GT), brown rice thickness (BRT), hull thickness (HT) and milling quality were used for QTL mapping. HT was significantly and positively correlated with GT and BRT. Twenty-nine QTLs were detected with phenotypic effects ranging from 2.80% to 21.27%. Six QTLs, qGT3, qBRT3, qBRT4, qHT6.1, qHT8 and qHT11, were detected repeatedly across two environments. Inherited from XB, qHT6.1, qHT8 and qHT11 showed stable expression, explaining 9.92%, 21.27% and 10.83% of the phenotypic variances in Hainan and 9.61%, 6.40% and 6.71% in Hangzhou, respectively. Additionally, the QTL cluster between RM5944 and RM5626 on chromosome 3 was probably responsible for GT and milling quality. The cluster between RM6992 and RM6473 on chromosome 4 played an important role in grain filling. Three near isogenic lines (NILs), X345, X338 and X389, were selected because they contained homozygous fragments from Zhonghui 9308, corresponding to qHT6.1, qHT8 and qHT11, respectively. The hull of XB was thicker than those of X345, X338 and X389. In all the lines, qHT6.1, qHT8 and qHT11 that regulated rice HT were stably inherited with obvious genetic effects.     

Digital mapping of soil carbon sequestration potential with enhanced vegetation cover over New South Wales,Australia

Digital soil maps of soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration potential resulting from a hypothetical 10% relative increase in long-term vegetation cover are presented at 100-m resolution across the state of New South Wales (NSW) in southeast Australia. This land management outcome is considered realistically achievable for many land managers, using strategies such as revegetation, grazing management or crop residue management. A mean state-wide potential increase of 5.4 Mg ha⁻¹ over the 0- to 30-cm depth interval was derived. Assuming a 20-year period of re-equilibration, this equates to an average SOC increase of 0.27 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Sequestration potential is systematically influenced by a combination of climate, soil parent material and current vegetation cover, for example only 1.6 Mg ha⁻¹ SOC under dry conditions in sandy, infertile soil material with sparse vegetation cover, compared with 15.9 Mg ha⁻¹ under wet conditions in clay-rich, fertile soil material with moderate–high vegetation cover. The outputs could be used to identify locations of highest sequestration potential and thereby help prioritize areas and inform decisions on sequestration programmes. Future application of the method at field scale with high levels of accuracy, together with strategic sampling, may provide statistically reliable estimates of carbon sequestration, for application in carbon trading schemes such as Australia's Emissions Reduction Fund. The modelling involved a conceptually transparent ‘space-for-time substitution’ process. Multiple linear regression (MLR) and random forest (RF) modelling techniques were applied, but only MLR gave consistently meaningful results. The apparent failing of RF in this application warrants further examination.     

Do model choice and sample ratios separately or simultaneously influence soil organic matter prediction?

This study was performed to examine the separate and simultaneous influence of predictive models’ choice alongside sample ratios selection in soil organic matter (SOM). The research was carried out in northern Morocco, characterized by relatively cold weather and diverse geological conditions. The dataset herein used accounted for 1591 soil samples, which were randomly split into the following ratios: 10% (～150 sample ratio), 20% (～250 sample ratio), 35% (～450 sample ratio), 50% (～600 sample ratio) and 95% (～1200 sample ratio). Models herein involved were ordinary kriging (OK), regression kriging (RK), multiple linear regression (MLR), random forest (RF), quantile regression forest (QRF), Gaussian process regression (GPR) and an ensemble model. The findings in the study showed that the accuracy of SOM prediction is sensitive to both predictive models and sample ratios. OK combined with 95% sample ratio performed equally to RF in conjunction with all the sample ratios, as the latter did not show much sensitivity to sample ratios. ANOVA results revealed that RF with a ～10% sample ratio could also be optimum for predicting SOM in the study area. In conclusion, the findings herein reported could be instrumental for producing cost-effective detailed and accurate spatial estimation of SOM in other sites. Furthermore, they could serve as a baseline study for future research in the region or elsewhere. Therefore, we recommend conducting series of simulation of all possible combinations between various predictive models and sample ratios as a preliminary step in soil organic matter prediction.     

水稻雄性核不育突变体ms7的遗传分析及基因定位

【目的】通过对水稻雄性不育突变体的研究,可以鉴定更多与育性或花粉发育相关的基因,有助于解析水稻雄性生殖发育的整个调控网络。【方法】常规种植条件下,突变体ms7 (male sterile 7)与对照种植于浙江富阳和海南陵水,比较它们的育性及主要农艺性状差异,利用混池关联分析和图位克隆方法进行目标基因定位。【结果】整个生育期,突变体ms7生长速率与野生型一致,成熟期的株高、分蘖数、叶数、叶大小、穗长和每穗颖花数等性状与野生型相比也没有显著差异,但ms7结实率为0,表现为完全雄性不育,花药瘦小且颜色发白,半薄切片显示绒毡层降解推迟,花粉镜检呈染败。遗传分析表明花粉败育受单个隐性基因控制,定位于第7染色体上BSA11与YD7045之间1.17 Mb的范围内。【结论】本研究为水稻雄性不育基因ms7的克隆和功能研究打下了基础。     

玉米禾谷镰孢穗腐病抗性的QTL定位

以3个高抗玉米自交系承351、丹598、吉V203和1个高感自交系ZW18为亲本,分别构建3个F₂群体及其对应的F_2:3家系,通过对F_2:3家系发病果穗进行图像处理的方法鉴定抗病表型,对禾谷镰孢穗腐病抗性进行QTL定位。3个F₂群体共检测到11个与禾谷镰孢穗腐病抗性有关的QTLs,分别可解释4.87%～40.98%的表型变异率。来源于抗病亲本承351的QTL-qRgr7-1位于7.02 bin,可解释高达13.76%～40.98%的表型变异率。通过与前期病害评级方法定位到的QTLs相比,qRgr7-1在Bins7.02上和qRger7.1完全重合,qRgr2-1在Bins2.01-2.02上和qRger2.1完全重合,qRgr10-1在Bins10.01-10.02上和qRger10.1完全重合。基于图像分析定位到的qRgr9-1、qRgr1-2、qRgr3-1分别与基于抗病评级定位到的区间存在重叠区域。利用不同方法定位到了相同的QTLs,一方面说明基于图像分析进行表型鉴定有一定的准确性,另一方面也验证了这些QTLs位点的真实性。