减源处理下小麦粒重稳定性QTL的定位分析

粒重稳定性是小麦稳产性的重要评价指标。为了发掘小麦在遭受虫害等减源逆境伤害时影响粒重稳定性的QTL,以小偃81和西农1376杂交衍生的重组自交系（RILs）群体为试验材料,设早播和晚播两个播期,对减源处理下该群体的粒长、粒宽和千粒重进行表型分析,同时计算减源处理与对照处理的表型比值,进而估测发育稳定性,并利用50K芯片构建的遗传连锁图谱进行QTL定位。结果表明,与对照处理相比,减源处理下RIL群体的粒长、粒宽和千粒重均显著下降。采用完备复合区间模型对不同处理的表型值、表型比值分别进行QTL定位,共检测到18个QTL,分布于2A、3A、3B、3D、4B、4D和5D染色体上,其中有8个QTL在减源处理和对照处理中均表达, Qgl.nwafu-5D.3和 Qkgw.nwafu-5D均在早播对照处理和晚播减源处理中被检测到,平均可解释表型变异的8.73%和8.19%,为稳定QTL,且 Qgl.nwafu-5D.3也在早播减源处理中被检测到,推测这2个稳定QTL可能为新发现的位点。控制表型比值的QTL大多与控制粒长、粒宽和千粒重的QTL区间重合,推测维持减源后粒重稳定性的QTL与控制粒长、粒宽和千粒重的位点紧密连锁或存在“一因多效”现象。     

硬粒小麦白粉病成株抗性QTL的遗传分析

小麦白粉病是世界范围内广泛流行的小麦叶部真菌病害,显著影响小麦的产量和品质。由于现有品种的白粉病抗性不断丧失,使得进一步挖掘新的白粉病抗源及抗病基因十分重要。本研究以硬粒小麦品种UC1113和Kofa构建的包含93个株系的F₈代RIL群体为材料,利用235个多态性标记构建遗传图谱,并结合白粉病成株抗性表型数据,对4个环境下的白粉病成株抗性进行QTL定位。结果表明,在RIL群体中共定位到4个与白粉病成株抗性相关的QTL,分别位于1AL、4AL（2）和5AL染色体上。其中,来自UC1113的3个QTL（ QPm.hnau-1AL 、 QPm.hnau-4AL.1 和 QPm.hnau-4AL.2 ）为新的白粉病成株抗性QTL。本研究为小麦白粉病抗性基因挖掘和抗病育种提供了重要信息。     

小麦花药伸出特性的QTL分析

花药伸出特性直接影响小麦的授粉结实率和穗部真菌病害抗性,为挖掘控制小麦花药伸出特性的QTL,以半闭颖品种周8425B和开颖品种小偃81构建的包含102个株系的F_2:12RIL群体为材料,于2019和2020年各分两个播期种植于西北农林科技大学小麦试验站,以小麦花药伸出率和视觉花药伸出等级两个性状表型值对4个环境下的花药伸出特性进行表型鉴定,并利用90K芯片构建的高密度遗传连锁图谱进行QTL定位。结果共检测到8个控制花药伸出特性的QTL,分布在3A、3B、5B、6B、6D和7A染色体上,其中6B和6D染色体上各有2个QTL。 QAe.nwsuaf-3A、 QAe.nwsuaf-3B和 QAe.nwsuaf-6B位点在多个环境中均能被检测到,表型变异解释率分别为3.65%~10.48%、8.12%~26.09%和3.49%~8.93%。     

Dissecting Genetic Basis of Deep Rooting in Dongxiang Wild Rice

Deep rooting is an important trait in rice drought resistance. Genetic resources of deep-rooting varieties are valuable in breeding of water-saving and drought-resistant rice. In the present study, 234 BC₂F₇ backcross introgression lines were derived from a cross of Dongye 80 (an accession of Dongxiang wild rice as the donor parent) and R974 (an indica restorer line as the recurrent parent). A genetic linkage map containing 1 977 bin markers was constructed by ddRADSeq for QTL analysis. Thirty-one QTLs for four root traits (the number of deep roots, the number of shallow roots, the total number of deep roots and the ratio of deep roots) were assessed on six rice chromosomes in two environments (2020 Shanghai and 2021 Hainan). Two of the QTLs, qDR5.1 and qTR5.2, were located on chromosome 5 in a 70-kb interval. They were detected in both environments. qDR5.1 explained 13.35% of the phenotypic variance in 2020 Shanghai and 12.01% of the phenotypic variance in 2021 Hainan. qTR5.2 accounted for 10.88% and 10.93% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. One QTL (qRDR2.2) for the ratio of deep roots was detected on chromosome 2 in a 210-kb interval and accounted for 6.72% of the phenotypic variance in 2020. The positive effects of these three QTLs were all from Dongxiang wild rice. Furthermore, nine and four putative candidate genes were identified in qRDR2.2 and qDR5.1/qTR5.2, respectively. These findings added to our knowledge of the genetic control of root traits in rice. In addition, this study will facilitate the future isolation of candidate genes of the deep-rooting trait and the utilization of Dongxiang wild rice in the improvement of rice drought resistance.     

QTLs for Waterlogging Tolerance at Germination and Seedling Stages in Population of Recombinant Inbred Lines Derived from a Cross Between Synthetic and Cultivated Wheat Genotypes

Waterlogging is a widespread limiting factor for wheat production throughout the world. To identify quantitative trait loci （QTLs） associated with waterlogging tolerance at early stages of growth, survival rate （SR）, germination rate index （GRI）, leaf chlorophyll content index （CCI）, root length index （RLI）, plant height index （PHI）, root dry weight index （RDWI）, shoot dry weight index （SDWI）, and total dry weight index （DWI） were assessed using the International Triticeae Mapping Initiative （ITMI） population W7984/Opata85. Significant and positive correlations were detected for all traits in this population except RLI. A total of 32 QTLs were associated with waterlogging tolerance on all chromosomes except 3A, 3D, 4B, 5A, 5D, 6A, and 6D. Some of the QTLs explained large proportions of the phenotypic variance. One of these is the QTL for GRI on 7A, which explained 23.92% of the phenotypic variation. Of them, 22 alleles from the synthetic hexaploid wheat W7984 contributed positively. These results suggested that synthetic hexaploid wheat W7984 is an important genetic resource for waterlogging tolerance in wheat. These alleles conferring waterlogging tolerance at early stages of growth in wheat could be utilized in wheat breeding for improving waterlogging tolerance.     

Genetic and Association Mapping Study of English Grain Aphid Resistance and Tolerance in Bread Wheat Germplasm

English grain aphid （EGA） is a destructive insect pest of wheat. To identify the loci associated with EGA resistance and tolerance, 70 bread wheat accessions mainly from central Asia were evaluated for EGA resistance and tolerance traits at two locations, and genotyped with 51 SSR markers. Totally, three accessions showed high or moderate levels resistance and 17 genotypes displayed highly or moderately tolerate to EGA. Genetic diversity of these lines was investigated also. After 97 SSR loci which evenly covered all wheat chromosomes were scanned for association, four SSR loci were significantly associated with EGA resistance and four with EGA tolerance. After association analysis was conducted with dynamic aphid densities, we found four loci Xgwm192b, Xgwm391, Xbarc98, and Xgwm613b were detected continuously at different growing stages of wheat. In addition, the loci of EGA resistance/tolerance and Russian wheat aphid resistance were compared. The results generated in this study would be helpful for utilization of the EGA resistance/tolerance germplasm, and for development of mapping populations in EGA resistance breeding programs.     

ArcGIS林业制图理论与实践

文章以ArcGIS10.0为基础,结合昆明市圆宝山林区森林防火通道修复,从GPS参数设置及地理信息采集、地形图PS处理、ArcGIS地理配准、显示GPS点、建立Shape文件(矢量图层)连接GPS点(描图)、长度(面积)计算、图形输出等方面分析了ArcGIS在林业制图中的应用。     

一个籼稻叶夹角新基因的激素敏感性分析和基因定位

本研究对一个叶夹角变小、叶片短而直立的突变体ser(Short and erect)进行了植物激素敏感性试验和基因定位。激素试验结果表明,ser对赤霉素(Gibberellic acid,GA)敏感而对油菜素内酯(Brassinolide,BR)敏感性降低。遗传分析结果表明,ser的直立叶性状受1对隐性单基因ser控制。在ser×08CR578 F2群体中,利用分子标记将ser基因定位在水稻第5染色体长臂上的标记RM3437与RM5454之间,ser基因距离2个标记的遗传距离分别为5.3c M和1.5 c M;在ser×L604 F2群体中,ser基因定位于第5染色体上标记RM18504与RM1237之间,距离2个标记的遗传距离分别为1.5 c M和2.1 c M。在2个群体中,ser基因均与标记RM18532共分离。本研究为进一步精细定位与克隆ser基因奠定了基础,也为解析水稻叶夹角变化机制及选育高产理想株型水稻提供了理论支撑和基因资源。     

基于单片段代换系的水稻抽穗期QTL上位性研究

【目的】探索水稻抽穗期的遗传机制.【方法】以华粳籼74的8个单片段代换系为材料,构建了7个聚合了双QTL的次级F2作图群体,并通过分子标记的选择区分出每个群体的9种基因型以估算水稻抽穗期QTL的各类上位性分量.【结果和结论】除QTL HD3/HD8间的上位性互作不显著外,其他QTL对均存在显著的上位性效应,占85.7%;在检测的28个不同类型的上位性效应中,有60.7%的估计值达到5%或1%的显著水平,其中加加、加显或显加、显显上位性分别占71.3%、42.8%、85.6%.研究结果进一步证实了上位性作用在数量性状遗传体系中的普遍性和重要性,并为水稻抽穗期的分子聚合育种提供了依据和材料.     

1个新的玉米半透明皱缩胚乳突变体的遗传分析及基因定位

【目的】解析半透明皱缩玉米胚乳形成机制.【方法】以纯合玉米突变体M-E-479为供试材料,通过对M-E-479籽粒进行表型鉴定、遗传分析、主要成分测定及扫描电镜观察,构建定位群体,利用图位克隆技术对突变基因进行遗传定位.【结果和结论】M-E-479突变体胚乳中脂肪含量增加,蛋白质和淀粉含量下降,淀粉粒的大小、形状、排列空间发生改变;用F2群体将突变基因定位在10号染色体SSR标记bnlg1074与umc1506之间,两标记的遗传距离约为3.6 cM,两标记的物理距离约为2.2 Mb.可见M-E-479是一个新的玉米半透明皱缩胚乳突变体,突变性状是由隐性单基因控制.