Structural characteristics of cell walls of kenaf (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hibiscus cannabinus </Emphasis>L.) and fixation of carbon dioxide

 Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) plants are widely known for their contribution to the global and regional environment because of their ability to fix CO₂. On the other hand, some scientists have doubts about CO₂ fixation by kenaf and have misgivings about the effect of kenaf on the ecosystem. We have characterized the structural characteristics of cell walls of bast fibers, cores, roots, and leaves of kenaf during the maturation of plants and investigated the rate of photosynthesis. During maturation of the kenaf plant the cellulose (bast fiber 52–59%, core 44–46%) and lignin (bast fiber 9.3–13.2%, core 18.3–23.2%) contents increased significantly. The aromatic composition of the lignin of bast fiber was significantly different from that of the core lignin and of other plants. The lignin of bast fiber appears similar to pure syringyl lignin. Fixation of CO₂ by kenaf plants and their contribution to the global environment are discussed. A significatly high rate of photosynthesis of kenaf plants was observed compared to that of woody plants in Japan, but the amount of CO₂ fixation depends on the characteristics of the plantation. If the kenaf was planted in high density, about twice as much CO₂ was fixed as was fixed by trees in a tropical rain forest. Received: April 22, 2002 / Accepted: July 24, 2002 Acknowledgments This project was supported by the Science and Technology Agency (STA) fellowship of the Japan International Science and Technology Exchange Center (JISTEC), which has been successfully applied by Dr. Shuji Hosoya, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute. We thank Dr. Toshio Sumizono and Mr. Masao Sakurai, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, for their kind help in determining the rate of photosynthesis and cultivating the kenaf plants, respectively. We also express our appreciation to Dr. Quang Hung Le, College of Agriculture and Forestry, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam for offering information about the cultivation of kenaf at Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City.     

夏大豆干物质生产、光合生理特性对群体调控的反应

试验设置12.75万、15.75万、18.75万、21.75万、24.75万株/hm~2 5个群体密度,研究了夏大豆干物质生产、光合生理特性对群体调控的反应。结果表明同一生育时期随群体密度的增加单株干物质积累量、各器官分配比重、叶绿素相对含量、产量性状呈下降趋势,叶面积指数随着生育进程的推进呈现先增加后降低的单峰抛物线变化趋势,鼓粒期达到峰值后开始下降。在12.75万～24.75万株/hm~2群体密度范围内,产量随群体密度的增加呈现先增加后降低趋势,18.75万株/hm~2产量最高达3 029.58 kg/hm~2。     

大豆品种(系)间耐光氧化的差异及其与产量的关系

在人工光氧化筛选压下,测定了242份大豆品种(系)间耐光氧化程度的差异.结果表明,大豆品种(系)间耐光氧化程度存在明显差异,其R3、R5、R6期耐光氧化变异系数,分别为31%、30%、27%,全距为4级.大豆品种(系)耐光氧化程度与其产量呈明显正相关;同时筛选出哈03-4113、哈04-3208等8个耐光氧化品系.     

喷施赤霉素对骏枣叶片发育及产量品质的影响

以明确骏枣花期喷施不同质量浓度赤霉素对内源GA₃含量、光合效率及品质产量的影响为目的,以骏枣为材料,于骏枣盛花期叶面喷施外源赤霉素,处理质量浓度分别为0 mg/L（CK）、10 mg/L、20 mg/L、40 mg/L、60 mg/L、80 mg/L,测定骏枣叶片相关指标及光合作用,检测果实缓慢生长期、迅速生长期、白熟期、转色期和红熟期果实内源GA₃含量;在红熟期调查骏枣品质产量相关指标。结果表明：喷施不同质量浓度赤霉素后骏枣叶片光合作用表现为低质量浓度促进、高质量浓度抑制,其中处理40 mg/L对叶片光合作用的促进最显著;随着枣果发育,幼果期内源GA₃含量显著上升,果实缓慢生长期内源GA₃含量快速下降,赤霉素处理显著提高了果实内源GA₃含量,全红期果实中处理较对照的内源GA₃含量提高了0.011~0.031 mg/kg。品质方面,低质量浓度处理与对照相比单果质量和产量有所增加,果形指数和果柄耐拉力差异不明显;随着处理质量浓度的增加,全红期枣果可溶性糖、总酸含量先升高后降低,蛋白质含量先降低后升高,纤维素含量逐渐下降后上升。喷施赤霉素能明显提高骏枣果实质量和叶片光合效率,因此在新疆地区骏枣以高产优质为目标建议喷施40 mg/L赤霉素。     

棚架下垂叶幕与水平叶幕对香百川葡萄叶片光合特性的影响

[目的]比较棚架下垂叶幕和水平叶幕下葡萄叶片臭氧伤害状况以及对光合性能的影响.[方法]以5年生的葡萄品种香百川为试材,利用臭氧监测仪监测7-9月份栽培环境中臭氧浓度,采用CIRAS-3便携式光合作用测定仪和Handy PEA测定2种叶幕叶片的净光合速率和荧光特性.[结果]下垂叶幕缓解了臭氧伤害情况,其主梢叶片发生臭氧伤...     

AM真菌和施磷量对黄芩光合特性和根系生长的影响

利用盆栽接种试验,探讨不同施磷(P)水平下接种摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)对黄芩(Scuteliaria baiealensis)光合特性、根系生长和营养含量的影响,为黄芩合理施肥和菌根技术应用提供理论依据。结果表明,不同施P水平下,接种AM真菌显著提高根系侵染率、根系干质量、黄芩苷含量、叶片光合速率和气孔导度,降低叶片蒸腾速率;提高黄芩根系K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn元素含量,高P水平(0.25g·kg-1土)显著降低根系Cu和Mn元素含量。AM真菌和施P量之间有显著交互效应,施P量为0.15g·kg-1土时AM真菌接种效果最好。     

钼胁迫对烟草光合荧光参数和叶绿体超微结构的影响

为探明烟草响应钼胁迫光合生理机制,研究了缺钼胁迫对烟草光合气体交换、叶绿素荧光参数和叶绿体超微结构的影响。结果表明:缺钼培养10 d后,烟苗光合色素含量和净光合速率较对照有所降低,胞间二氧化碳浓度、气孔导度和蒸腾速率提高,光系统初始荧光和非光化学猝灭系数提高,光合电子传递速率和最大光化学效率降低,但差异均不显著;烟苗的叶绿体基类片层和基质片层排列松散,淀粉粒数量少。培养20 d时,缺钼和对照烟苗的多数指标差异显著。培养30 d时,除蒸腾速率外,缺钼和对照烟苗的其它指标差异均显著,叶绿体片层结构受损严重,淀粉粒发育差。缺钼胁迫损伤了叶绿体超微结构,抑制了原初光能转化效率,降低了光合能力。且随胁迫时间延长,缺素表现明显。     

弱光对蔬菜作物光合特性影响的研究进展

光合作用是绿色植物赖以生存的基础,弱光胁迫下植物为了能够在逆境中正常生长,其光合特性会发生改变。本文对国内外关于弱光逆境对蔬菜作物光合参数、光合色素、叶绿素荧光、光合酶、叶片结构等光合特性影响方面的研究进行回顾总结,并对目前研究中的局限及下一步研究方向进行分析展望。     

辣椒不同叶位叶片光合特性初探

为探明辣椒不同叶位叶片的光合特性,采用盆栽试验,利用Li-6400XT便携式光合仪测定了辣椒不同叶位叶片的光合参数。测定结果表明,不同叶位叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率的变化各不相同,叶位3的净光合速率最高,与其他叶位的差异达到极显著水平,不同叶位间的净光合速率与胞间CO2浓度呈显著负相关。     

栉孔扇贝（Chlamys farreri）在模拟自然水环境中滤水率的测定

在模拟自然海区的生态环境的条件下，对桑沟湾内主要养殖种类栉孔扇贝的滤水率进行了测定，对其不同体长扇贝的滤水率进行了实验比较。在水温２４－２６℃。盐度３１－３２‰范围内，昼间光照５００Ｌｕｘ左右条件下，用叶绿素和颗粒有机物作为测定指标，结果表明，此种扇贝的滤水率随个体增大，单位个体的滤水率越大，而单位干组织重的滤水率越小；同一规格扇贝，密度越大，滤水率越低。在本实验过程中，昼夜间的滤水率变化不甚明显