Phytochemicals and antioxidant capacity of orange (Citrus sinensis (l.) Osbeck cv. Salustiana) juice produced under organic and integrated farming system in Greece

Organically and integrated produced orange (Citrus sinensis (l.) Osbeck cv. Salustiana) fruits were assayed in terms of fruit characteristics and juice phytochemicals over a period of two years. Fruit size and juice volume were higher under organic farming system. There were not any significant differences concerning either the carbohydrates’ or organic acids’ concentrations of the juice. Similar results were obtained concerning the total phenol, the total o-diphenol and the total flavonoid concentration of the juice, while neither hesperidin nor narirutin differentiated significantly. However, β-carotene concentration was detected in higher concentration in organically produced fruit (0.43 mg L⁻¹). Juice extracted from both integrated and organically produced fruits exhibited similar antioxidant capacity values (based on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl and ferric reducing/antioxidant power assays), while correlation analysis revealed the significant contribution of phenolic compounds to antioxidant capacity (r = 0.75–0.86). Most of the amino acids determined were quantified in similar concentration in the juice of both organic and integrated produced fruits (approximately 1600 mg L⁻¹). The present results indicate that integrated oranges cv Salustiana, under the cultivation management implemented in this experiment, present similar antioxidant and nutritional values to the organically produced ones.     

The influence of exposure to light on the phenolic content of ‘Fuji’ apple

In this study, the influence of changes in fruit lighting on individual and total phenols in ‘Fuji’ apple, as well as color development was studied. Content levels of eight quercetin glycosides, five anthocyanins, two catechins and a hydroxycinnamic acid in the skin of apples were analyzed, using high-performance liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). Total phenol, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were determined by spectrometry. The purpose of this study was to compare content levels of those compounds in apple skin of fruit grown in different parts of the tree canopy, under and outside of the hail net. Lighting of fruit was measured during the last month before harvest. The lowest values were measured in the inner fruit and higher ones in the outer parts of the canopy, while the highest values were measured in fruit growing at the top of the tree. The hail net had no influence on the decrease of lighting in comparison to the control. Light conditions in the tree canopy influenced lower content levels of quercetin glycosides and most anthocyanins in the fruit skin in the inner part of the tree canopy, whereas fruit from the canopy top contained the highest levels of quercetin glycosides and cyanidin glycosides. Catechin, epicatechin and chlorogenic acid content levels in apple skin were independent of fruit position in the canopy or hail net usage, except for chlorogenic acid, where the content level was higher in cases when the orchard was covered with a hail net. Fruit from the top and outer parts of the canopy had a darker and redder coloration than inner fruit, while no influence of canopy position on chlorophyll and carotenoids was detected. Since quercetin glycosides and cyanidin glycosides are influential in red skin color development, better coloration of fruit from the outer and top canopy was observed. More intensive lighting stimulated a higher content level of flavonoids and, consequently, better coloration, which is an important factor in fruit quality.     

荞麦功能性成分及相关食品开发

近年来,国内外对荞麦的营养成分和工艺探索越来越关注,荞麦中富含蛋白质、黄酮类化合物和酚类物质,有很高的营养价值和广阔的市场前景。本文综述了荞麦主要功能性成分和加工制品,以期为荞麦酒和荞麦醋等荞麦加工制品的研究提供参考。     

核桃功能研究进展

核桃蛋白、酚类、核桃多肽、核桃油等具有抗氧化和抑制炎症发生的作用。就目前对核桃功能的研究进展进行综述。     

Growth and ripening season effects on antioxidant capacity of strawberry cultivar Selva

There is wide awareness on the importance of antioxidants in cell protection against free radicals constantly produced by the cell metabolism. In this work, carried out with strawberry cultivar “Selva”, the antioxidant capacity and content of the main accepted antioxidants – ascorbic acid, dehydroascorbic acid, total phenols and anthocyanins – were determined along 10 growth stages of the fruit. Strawberries were harvested in winter and summer. Minimum/maximum temperatures in the two seasons were 6.3 °C/14.9 °C and 14.5 °C/27.8 °C, respectively. Antioxidant capacity in the small green stage was 27 mmol DPPH/100 g fresh tissue, keeping noticeably high values in the large-green one. Towards the white stage, antioxidant capacity reduced, to remain mostly constant. The antioxidant capacity was higher in those stages where cell division was more important and this parameter correlated mostly with the contents of total phenols and ascorbic acid.     

冬枣果实中酚类物质及其多酚氧化酶性质的研究

对冬枣果实的多酚氧化酶(PPO)的性质进行了研究,分别就酚类物质、PPO的底物专一性、pH值与底物浓度对PPO活性的影响进行探讨。结果表明,多酚氧化酶有一个最适pH值,为7.0;PPO的最适天然底物是没食子酸。     

低温解除休眠过程中兰州百合中部鳞片物质变化的生理机制

 以兰州百合为试材，研究了2℃、6℃、10℃条件下保湿贮藏101 d内兰州百合中部鳞片中碳水化合物、酚类物质、游离氨基酸以及内源激素的变化对解除休眠的影响。结果表明，随着处理温度降低和处理时间延长，淀粉明显降解、ABA含量显著下降，可溶性糖、酚类物质、内源GA3、IAA含量急剧增加。低温处理初期的34 d是上述物质变化最活跃的时期。相关分析表明，淀粉酶和PAL活性升高是分别导致可溶性糖和酚类物质含量增加的因素。低温贮藏期间，游离氨基酸总量呈下降趋势，其中精氨酸含量最高、变化最大。根据逐步回归分析和通径分析的结果初步判定鳞片内碳水化合物、酚类物质和游离氨基酸等物质变化主要受内源GA3的调控。     

Cross reactivity between ascorbate peroxidase and phenol (guaiacol) peroxidase

Adverse conditions often induce an increase in active oxygen species (AOS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). H₂O₂ is converted to water, and thus becomes detoxified by enzymes such as ascorbate peroxidase (APX; EC 1.11.1.11). APX activity is estimated by the disappearance rate of ascorbic acid, which becomes oxidized. However, ascorbate is also a substrate of guaiacol peroxidase (POX; EC 1.11.1.7). POX oxidizes phenols (including flavonoids), whereby ascorbate accepts an electron from phenoxyl or flavonoid radicals. Ascorbate becomes thereby converted to the monodehydroascorbate radical, which subsequently can become converted to dehydroascorbate. POX isozymes therefore convert hydrogen peroxide to water and oxidize ascorbate, just as APX does. POX activity is usually estimated by monitoring the formation of tetraguaiacol from guaiacol. This reaction is not specific, as some APX isozymes show rather high activity when using guaiacol or similar phenols as a substrate. It is concluded that APX activity can easily be confounded with POX activity, and vice versa. Proper methods should be used to separate the two enzyme activities.