超甜玉米果皮结构与籽粒柔嫩性的关系

为探讨果皮结构与籽粒柔嫩性的关系,研究了T4、T5、T19、T38和T39等5个超甜玉米(Z. mays subsp. mays)自交系籽粒不同发育时期的解剖结构。结果表明甜玉米果皮由多层细胞构成,最外层细胞排列紧密,细胞壁角质化。食用品质口感良好的T38和T39自交系具有果皮薄、细胞层数少、果皮细胞壁纤维化和木质化程度低等特征;T4和T5具有果皮厚、构成果皮的细胞层数多和果皮细胞壁纤维化和木质化程度高等特点,口感较差;T19果皮细胞密度大,细胞纤维化和木质化程度极高,在这5个自交系中口感最差。     

不同辣椒材料果皮脂肪酸组成分析

采用气相色谱技术对26 份辣椒材料果皮脂肪酸组成进行了研究,并与种子中脂肪酸组成进行了比较分析。结果表明：在供试的26 份辣椒材料果皮中共鉴定出9 种脂肪酸成分,分别为月桂酸、肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生酸和山嵛酸;辣椒果皮中主要脂肪酸组分是亚油酸、亚麻酸和棕榈酸,各脂肪酸组分含量在品种间存在明显差异,变异系数为8.16%～53.37%。与种子中脂肪酸组成含量比较分析结果表明：辣椒果皮中检测到月桂酸,且亚麻酸的平均含量相对较高;而种子中未检测到月桂酸,且亚油酸的平均含量约是果皮中的2 倍,说明脂肪酸的组成及含量在辣椒果实的不同部位存在一定差异。     

Microstructural changes in the maize kernel pericarp during cooking stage in nixtamalization process

The microstructural changes in the maize pericarp during the critical lime-cooking step of a traditional nixtamalization process are reported. Scanning Electron Microscopy at low vacuum (SEM-LV) images and Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) were used to study the evolution of the pericarp transformation during lime-cooking and the CaCO₃ formation on the pericarp. Moisture content in cooked maize kernels and calcium content in the pericarp were used as physicochemical criteria in order to establish the end of the cooking step. For the first time, the cooking step was analyzed in situ by using a differential photoacoustic cell (DPC), in order to associate photoacoustic amplitude signals of nixtamalized pericarp with its structural modifications. X-ray diffraction patterns of nixtamalized pericarp showed an increase in the peak intensity of the crystalline fraction compared with the native pericarp. These results were supported by SEM images and amplitude signals obtained through the use of the photoacoustic technique.     

荔枝褐变损失估计研究

荔枝褐变损失估计是荔枝褐变控制的重要环节,以兰竹荔枝为材料,研究由于果皮褐变导致荔枝的损失;在调查兰竹荔枝褐变情况的基础上,分析果皮褐变对荔枝感官品质和销售价格的影响.结果表明:当褐变等级达到Ⅲ级时会对荔枝的感官品质和销售价格产生显著影响.按照不同褐变等级与损失率之间的关系,采用回归分析,建立的兰竹荔枝果肉风味、可溶性固形物和经济的损失率最佳估测模型分别为:逻辑斯蒂模型FALR=62.279 8/[1+EXP(5.086 8-1.241 0X)]、逻辑斯蒂模型TSSLR=37.120 6/[1+EXP(5.474 0-1.689 7X)]和线性模型ELR=-24.671 0+19.347 0X.采用上述模型对福建省兰竹荔枝常温下贮藏的逐日经济损失进行了量化估计,结果发现,随贮藏时间的延长兰竹荔枝的经济损失逐日加重.本研究为荔枝褐变的控制提供了理论依据.     

果实硬度计评定鲜食玉米果皮柔嫩度的可行性

以品尝法为对照,用果实硬度计法获得3种不同胚乳基因型鲜食玉米的36个自交系的果皮硬度计嫩度值。按胚乳基因型对自交系的果皮硬度计嫩度进行方差分析,进而剖析果皮硬度计嫩度与果皮口感嫩度的相关性,探讨果实硬度计定量评定鲜食玉米果皮柔嫩度的可行性。结果表明,果实硬度计能区分果皮柔嫩度存在差异的材料;在2007年秋和2008年春两次试验中,普甜玉米材料的果皮硬度计嫩度与口感嫩度的相关系数分别为0.64、0.66,超甜玉米的为0.63、0.77,均达显著或极显著水平,糯玉米的为0.36、0.39,未达显著水平。由此可见,果实硬度计能够定量评定甜玉米的果皮柔嫩度,但不能评定糯玉米的果皮柔嫩度。     

薄果皮甜玉米自交系的鉴定与分级

甜玉米果皮厚度直接决定了子粒的柔嫩度,果皮越厚,柔嫩度越差。因此可以通过测量果皮厚度来间接判断甜玉米的柔嫩度,并通过选育薄果皮的品种提高甜玉米品质。本试验对65份普甜、127份超甜玉米自交系进行了初步果皮厚度测定和筛选,并提出了广州地区甜玉米果皮厚度四级分级标准:薄(X≤75μm)、较薄(75μm95μm),供育种者参考应用。     

Genomic regions associated with the degree of red coloration in pericarp of rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The degree of red coloration (DRC) in pericarp of rice depends on the content of flavonoid compounds which have beneficial health effects for humans. In this study, 182 backcross-recombinant inbred lines (BILs) derived from Koshihikari (white pericarp)/Kasalath (red pericarp)//Koshihikari were used to detect the genomic regions associated with DRC through the QTL mapping approach. As a result, a total of four genomic regions were found to associate with DRC on chromosomes 1, 7, 9 and 11, respectively. Interestingly, the two genomic regions having the largest effects corresponded to previously characterized Rc and Rd genes on chromosome 7 and 1, respectively. In addition, two novel genomic regions having minor effects on DRC and located on chromosomes 9 and 11, respectively, are reported here for the first time. These results and the identification of tightly linked molecular markers that flank the genomic regions provide an opportunity for marker-aided improvement of red coloration in pericarp of rice.     

荔枝果皮褐变过程中膜脂过氧化及相关酶活性变化的比较研究

以紫娘喜、无核荔枝、小丁香等3个海南主栽荔枝品种为试材,研究了室温贮藏过程中果皮褐变与膜脂过氧化及有关酶活性变化的关系,结果表明,随着贮藏时间延长,3个品种果皮都表现出褐变指数上升,丙二醛(MDA)含量升高,质膜透性增大,抗坏血酸氧化酶(APX)活性下降,脂氧合酶(LOX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性先升后降。但紫娘喜褐变最慢,无核荔枝褐变最快。耐贮的紫娘喜MDA含量、质膜透性及LOX活性较不耐贮的无核荔枝要低,GR活性较不耐贮藏的无核荔枝高。除GR活性外,无核荔枝其余指标变化幅度大于紫娘喜。不同品种果皮褐变进程差异与LOX活性变化、活性氧清除途径及质膜破坏进程差异有关。     

采后荔枝果皮褐变过程中的生理变化研究

[目的]荔枝采后果皮褐变严重降低了果实的商品价值,限制了荔枝贸易的发展.本文通过研究采后荔枝果皮褐变过程中的生理变化,寻找影响果皮褐变的主要因素,为阐释果皮褐变机理提供基础. [方法]妃子笑果实贮存于温度25℃.相对湿度70%±5%条件下,每8 h测定一次果实形态及生理变化. [结果]妃子笑荔枝采后72 h内完全褐变,其中,在采后48-64 h褐变指数急剧上升,好果率急剧下降.随褐变程度的增加,果实与果皮失水量增加,但果肉含水量变化不大.果皮丙二醛含量、pH值和相对电导率都随褐变加重而增加,而花色素苷、类黄酮、总酚、叶绿素a和总叶绿素含量则下降.果皮POD活性在采后32 h上升,然后下降,而PPO活性一直下降.过氧化氢酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性都呈现先升后降然后再升高的趋势.相关分析,逐步回归分析和通径分析表明,果皮失水是引起果皮褐变的主要原因.主成分聚类分析表明果皮褐变町分为两个阶段. [结论]果皮水分状况是影响果皮褐变的主要因素.果皮褐变过程呈现阶段性变化,主要由果皮失水决定. Abstract： [Objective] Pericarp browning in the postharvest litchi significantly reduced its commercial value and limited the expanding of litchi markets.Physiological changes during the process of pericarp browning were determined in order to identify the underlying mechanisms,[Method]Matured Feizixiao fruits were stored at 25 ℃ and 70%±5% relative humidity.The physiological changes happened in pericarp during storage were tested at an 8-hour interval. [Result] The fruit of Feizixiao (Litchi chinensis Sonn.cv Feizixiao) turned completely brown within 72 h after being harvested under the experimental conditions.Sharp increase of the browning index occurred from 48 to 64 hours after harvest (HAH).With the browning of pericarp,water content of the whole fruit and pericarp decreased continuingly.In contrast,there were no significant changes in the water content of pulp during the same period.MDA content,pH value and relative leakage rate of pericarp were increased during storage.Most of pigment contents including anthocyanin,flavonoid,phenols,chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll decreased.POD activity was initially increased in 32 HAH and then decreased afterwards.PPO activity was decreased continuously,while the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase exhibited the pattern of "increasing-decreasing-increasing" as the storage time progressed.Correlation,stepwise regression and path analyses showed that water loss of pericarp was the major factor of pericarp browning.Principal and cluster analyses showed that there were two stages of pericarp browning during the course of litchi storage. [Conclusion] Water status of pericarp was the most important factor affecting pericarp browning.The pericarp browning happened by stages,which was mainly determined by the water loss of pericarp.     

紫娘喜和小丁香荔枝果实的低温耐藏性及几个生理指标的比较

研究了在(5±1)oC贮藏条件下海南特色荔枝品种紫娘喜和小丁香果实的贮藏效果及某些与耐贮藏性相关的生理指标。结果表明：紫娘喜明显比小丁香耐贮藏;在低温处理条件下,随着时间的增加,两品种的果皮的相对电导率、匀浆pH值、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性均有不同程度的上升,在相同时间内小丁香果皮的相对电导率、匀浆pH、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性的值均比紫娘喜大;而花色素苷和总酚含量随着时间的增加有下降的趋势,但总酚含量以紫娘喜为高,而花色素苷则以小丁香含量为高。