大田地下滴灌土壤水分分布均匀度评价方法

灌水均匀度是评价灌水质量的重要指标,灌水后的土壤水分分布均匀度是灌水均匀与否的最终体现。选择最佳的土壤水分取样点数是进行经济、准确评价灌水后土壤水分分布均匀度的基础。在新疆地下滴灌棉田中,灌水后2 d（土壤水分相对稳定）进行取样,实测田间土壤水分分布,抽样分析了样本数与土壤水分分布特征及均匀度之间的关系。结果表明,随样本数的增加,对应的土壤水分布均匀系数（克里斯琴森均匀系数Cu）的变幅缩小,并向其均值集中。从样本数量上分析,样本数在15到60之间,其Cu的均值变化并不明显;在试验条件下,进行大田土壤水分监测评价时,均匀分布的取样点个数应不少于24个。Cu和配水均匀度（Du）之间存在较好的相关性,但用实测结果得出的系数与相关手册的推荐值之间存在一定的偏差,互算时需加以考虑。采用均匀25点取样,对大田棉花地下滴灌的土壤水分分布状况进行了评价。结果表明,地下滴灌条件下,毛管附近的土层土壤含水率变幅最大;与上、下土层相比,灌水前毛管附近（20～40 cm）处的土壤水分均匀度较低,灌水后其均匀度大幅提高。     

三种类型农田排水沟渠氮磷拦截效果比较

为了了解太湖地区不同类犁农田排水沟渠对N、P拦截效果的影响,分别在野外构建了3种类型的农田排水沟渠,即生态沟渠、混凝土沟渠和土质沟渠.研究了不同进水N、P浓度、不同水力停留时间和不同进水流速条件下,3种类型沟渠的N、P拦截效果.结果表明:在水力停留时间分别为24 h和48 h静态试验以及在固定进水流速的动态试验中,沟渠对不同进水N、P浓度的N、P去除牢大小顺序是:生态沟渠、土质沟渠和混凝土沟渠,其中,生态沟渠明显优于其他沟渠.在固定进水浓度的条件下,沟渠在不同水力停留时间下的N、P去除率大小顺序为;生态沟渠、土质沟渠和混凝土沟渠,其中,生态沟渠明显好于其他沟渠.在高、低两种进水流速和固定进水浓度条件下.生态沟渠在低进水流速下的N、P去除率明显优于其他沟渠.在不同进水浓度条件下,生态沟渠最佳水力停留时间为48 h.     

草原蝗虫空间格局及其抽样技术的研究

根据改进的m*=α′ β′m γm2模型和聚集度指标,研究了草原混合种群的空间分布.结果表明,蝻期蝗虫呈聚集分布,在聚集的个体群内,个体间是相互排斥的.成虫期分布的基本成分是个体群,个体间相互吸引,而个体群的分布是均匀的.以聚集度(m*/m)的时序动态表明,蝗蝻初期呈均匀分布,盛期呈聚集分布,成虫期为均匀分布.在测报和防治中,混合种群的理论抽样数为20～40个样点.     

制冷剂的替代及相关问题分析

结合当今世界环保趋势对制冷剂使用的要求,阐述了关于某些制冷剂的最后禁用期限、替代、过渡和禁用制冷剂的回收利用,并提出了对中国有关制冷剂替代工作的建议。     

温度和保湿时间对烟草赤星病叶斑扩展的影响

在人工气候箱内控制条件下研究测定烟草赤星病叶斑扩展规律,结果表明,温度(T)和保湿时间(H)是影响赤星病叶斑扩展的2个主要因素。在温度恒定的条件下,保湿时间延长赤星病病斑面积增大,病斑面积增长一般可持续60h。在12～40℃的温度范围内,烟草赤星病叶斑均可扩展,在同一保湿时间内,12～36℃的温度范围内,随温度升高,病斑扩展率(IP)增大,36℃以后则开始下降。2个品种的病斑面积扩展百分率与温度、保湿时间及其互作具有线性关系NC89SQRT(SQRT(IP))=0.4971-0.00003128×T2×H+0.006659×T×H-0.00006694×T×H2;中烟99SQRT(IP)=0.08099+0.02003×T×H-0.0001078×T×H2-0.002005×H2     

Characterization of Nutrients in Built-up Broiler Litter Using Trench and Random Walk Sampling Methods

Accurate sampling of broiler litter for nutrient analysis is critical for nutrient management and land application. Litter can be applied to agricultural land either fresh or after composting. If applied fresh, sampling should be done before house clean out so that the nutrient analysis results are readily available prior to land application. There are 2 methods that are suitable for obtaining representative litter samples in poultry houses, the trench and the point methods. This study was designed to investigate the effect of sampling methodology on the resultant nutrient content of broiler litter and how nutrient concentrations in broiler litter differ between brooding and nonbrooding areas in the production unit. The sampling methods gave similar results for litter pH, moisture content (MC), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), and total phosphorus (TP), thus indicating that the random walk method can be used to easily collect representative samples instead of the more time- and labor-intensive trench method for nutrient management purposes. The total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) content was significantly higher for the trench method, however, TAN accounted for less than 15% of the litter TKN. Litter MC, TAN, and TP varied significantly in each of the nonbrooding areas and the brooding area. Moisture content was 28.5, 32.0, and 28.0% for the brooding, north, and south nonbrooding areas, respectively. Litter TKN levels were 37.4, 24.9, and 20.5 g/kg for the brooding, north, and south nonbrooding areas, respectively. The TAN concentrations were higher at the north nonbrooding areas. The TP concentrations were 10.4, 8.8, and 8.5 g/kg for north nonbrooding area, brooding area, and south nonbrooding area, respectively. Our results indicate the need for sampling litter in both brooding and nonbrooding areas in broiler houses for the determination of average litter nutrient and MC.     

进口散装粮食取制样工作发展现状、存在问题及对策

取制样工作是进口粮食检验检疫的重要前提和基础.本文从检验检疫对制取样品的需求出发,系统分析了进口散装粮食取制样工作以人工操作为主的发展现状以及存在的重视程度不够、标准体系不完善、技术设备投入不足、工作效率低、样品代表性差、上下游发展不协同、影响公正执法等诸多问题,提出了通过加快自动化取制样系统的研究和应用等应对措施.     

Campylobacter monitoring in German broiler flocks: an explorative time series analysis

Campylobacter, a major zoonotic pathogen, displays seasonality in poultry and in humans. In order to identify temporal patterns in the prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in a voluntary monitoring programme in broiler flocks in Germany and in the reported human incidence, time series methods were used. The data originated between May 2004 and June 2007. By the use of seasonal decomposition, autocorrelation and cross-correlation functions, it could be shown that an annual seasonality is present. However, the peak month differs between sample submission, prevalence in broilers and human incidence. Strikingly, the peak in human campylobacterioses preceded the peak in broiler prevalence in Lower Saxony rather than occurring after it. Significant cross-correlations between monthly temperature and prevalence in broilers as well as between human incidence, monthly temperature, rainfall and wind-force were identified. The results highlight the necessity to quantify the transmission of Campylobacter from broiler to humans and to include climatic factors in order to gain further insight into the epidemiology of this zoonotic disease.     

家蚕含RRM保守结构域蛋白基因(Bmrrm)的克隆及序列分析与表达研究

RRM(RNA recognition motif)是RNA结合蛋白中广泛存在的一种保守结构域。从构建的家蚕蛹cDNA文库中筛选得到一条含有RRM保守结构域的cDNA,命名为Bmrrm(GenBank登录号:DQ534196)。Bmrrm基因全长1086 bp,开放阅读框大小为894 bp,编码297个氨基酸残基,蛋白理论分子质量33.2 kD,等电点9.69,预测的三级结构由2个α螺旋和4个β折叠组成。将该基因的PCR扩增产物于原核表达载体pET-28a(+)中表达后经SDS-PAGE检测,在36 kD处的特异性蛋白条带与预期值相符,重组蛋白以可溶的形式表达。将纯化的重组蛋白免疫新西兰大白兔制备多克隆抗体,ELISA检测效价大于1∶6400。采用荧光定量PCR方法对家蚕卵、5龄幼虫、蛹、蛾4个发育时期以及5龄幼虫各组织中Bmrrm的mRNA转录水平进行检测比较,发现在蛹期和5龄幼虫生殖腺、表皮中的转录水平较高。采用免疫印迹方法在家蚕的卵期、5龄幼虫、蛹期,以及5龄幼虫的生殖腺、表皮、脂肪体中检测到BmRRM蛋白有明显表达,但在蛾期及5龄幼虫的其他组织中未检测到该蛋白。以家蚕Bm5细胞进行免疫细胞化学实验,BmRRM蛋白在整个细胞周期主要分布于细胞核,仅少量分布于细胞质。初步推测BmRRM蛋白参与蚕体内RNA前体的剪接、细胞定位及维持稳定等转录后调控过程。     

混播比例和刈割期对混播草地产量及品质影响的研究

在新疆石河子进行了不同混播比例和不同刈割期对紫花苜蓿Medicago sativa和无芒雀麦Bromus innermis混播草地产量及品质影响的研究。结果表明：以紫花苜蓿50%（7.5 kg/hm2）+无芒雀麦50%（15 kg/hm2）混播比例的混播草地产草量最高,达到21.3 t/hm2,刈割期处理T2（紫花苜蓿初花期）产草量最高。刈割期对紫花苜蓿品质存在着明显的影响。处理T1（紫花苜蓿现蕾期）的粗蛋白含量最高,中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量最低（P<0.05）;刈割期对混播草地无芒雀麦和紫花苜蓿品质存在一定的影响,其中混播处理A1（紫花苜蓿与无芒雀麦5∶5）紫花苜蓿和无芒雀麦的品质较好。