Introduced slugs and indigenous caterpillars as facilitators of carbon and nutrient mineralisation on a sub-Antarctic island

Indigenous soil macroinvertebrates (moth larvae, weevil larvae, earthworms) are cardinal agents of nutrient release from litter on sub-Antarctic Marion Island (47°S, 38°′E). Their populations are threatened through predation by introduced house mice, which do not prey on an introduced slug Deroceras panormitanum. A microcosm study was carried out to explore whether slugs affect rates of carbon and inorganic nutrient mineralisation from plant litter differently to an indigenous caterpillar (larva of a flightless moth Pringelophaga marioni). Caterpillars stimulated N, Ca, Mg and K mineralisation from plant litter two to five times more than slugs did, whereas the two invertebrate types stimulated C and P mineralisation to the same degree. Consequently, ratios of C:N and N:P released from the litter were different for slugs and caterpillars. Such differences might affect peat nutrient quality and ultimately the peat accumulation-decomposition balance, an important driver of ecological succession. This suggests that slugs cannot simply replace caterpillars without consequences for ecosystem structure and functioning on the island.     

胡椒园土壤养分相关性研究

对海南典型胡椒园0～40 cm土层养分的相关性的研究结果表明：土壤pH和全N属弱变异，其余养分均属高变异；除全N和交换性Ca外，其余养分的中心趋向分布为非标准正态分布；土壤有机质与碱解N、速效K、有效Cu、有效S呈极显著正相关，与交换性Ca呈显著正相关；pH与碱解N、交换性Ca、有效Mn、有效Cu呈极显著正相关，与速效K呈显著正相关。     

营养液对毛竹叶片效应的研究 Ⅱ.营养液对叶片光合性状影响

在毛竹丰产林中 ,设置 4块标准地 ,1 996年 1 1月注射毛竹营养液 ,1 997年夏在各注射和未注射营养液的标准地中取 1 992～ 1 997年生毛竹枝叶测定光合速率、光呼吸、暗呼吸、CO2 补偿点、光补偿点等光合性状。结果表明 ,施用毛竹营养液后叶质重、叶绿素含量明显提高 ,净光合速率增大 ,暗呼吸有所提高 ,光呼吸速率减小 ,CO2 补偿点和光补偿点明显下降 ,这些指标的改变有利于提高光合作用、增加有机质积累 ,有利于培养高产稳产竹林。     

Root growth,water relations and mineral uptake of young ‘Delicious’ apple trees treated with soil- and stem-applied paclobutrazol

Paclobutrazol (2R,3R + 2S,3S)-1-(4 chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-trizol-1-yl) pentan-3-ol), at 25, 50 and 150 mg active ingredient, was applied as a soil drench or stem application to 1-year-old ‘Topred Delicious’ apples. Root growth measured as relative root surface area was reduced by both soil and stem applications. There was no significant difference in dry weight of the root tissue. The root-to-leaf-area ratio was significantly increased in paclobutrazol-treated plants.Water relations measured as leaf conductance and leaf water potential were significantly influenced by paclobutrazol. Leaf conductance was higher in paclobutrazol-treated plants when the plants were turgid, as well as under some water stress. Leaf water potential was significantly higher in treated plants.There were no significant differences in the total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and magnesium levels found in the leaf or root tissue.     

Nitrate leaching in a silage maize field under different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer rates

Quantification of the interactive effects of nitrogen (N) and water on nitrate (NO₃) loss provides an important insight for more effective N and water management. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer levels on nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) leaching in a silage maize field. The experiment included four irrigation levels (0.7, 0.85, 1.0, and 1.13 of soil moisture depletion, SMD) and three N fertilization levels (0, 142, and 189 kg N ha⁻¹), with three replications. Ceramic suction cups were used to extract soil solution at 30 and 60 cm soil depths for all 36 experimental plots. Soil NO₃-N content of 0-30 and 30-60-cm layers were evaluated at planting and harvest maturity. Total N uptake (NU) by the crop was also determined. Maximum NO₃-N leaching out of the 60-cm soil layer was 8.43 kg N ha⁻¹, for the 142 kg N ha⁻¹ and over irrigation (1.13 SMD) treatment. The minimum and maximum seasonal average NO₃ concentration at the 60 cm depth was 46 and 138 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Based on our findings, it is possible to control NO₃ leaching out of the root zone during the growing season with a proper combination of irrigation and fertilizer management.     

不同肥料配比对糜子产量和品质的调控效应

为探明不同施肥方式对糜子营养品质、食味品质和产量的影响，于2019年在山西河曲进行试验，以河曲大红糜子为材料，选用不同配比的有机肥（羊粪）、生物菌肥、尿素和复合肥，研究不同施肥配比对糜子品质和产量的影响。结果表明：不同肥料配比对糜子产量和品质性状显著影响，复合肥和有机肥（F+Y）配施显著提高糜子籽粒产量（GY）、净光合速率（P_n）、钙（Ca）和铁（Fe）含量，显著减低直链淀粉含量（AC）；相关性分析发现，籽粒产量（GY）和净光合速率（P_n）呈极显著正相关，相关系数为0.82，镁（Mg）与铁（Fe）呈极显著正相关，值为0.68，直链淀粉含量（AC）与醇溶蛋白含量（Gli）、钙（Ca）达到极显著负相关，值分别为-0.66和 -0.50；主成分分析发现，糜子各性状指标分为4个主成分，分别代表糜子食味品质、营养品质、产量指标和蛋白营养品质，综合得分以复合肥和有机肥（F+Y）处理最高，并显著高于其他处理。综上所述，复合肥（187.5 kg·hm^-2）与有机肥（1.5×10 kg·hm^-2）配施是糜子获得优质高产的主要施肥方式。     

环境因素对淡水浮丝藻生长及产生嗅味的影响

浮丝藻(Planktothrix) 是一种在我国水域中普遍存在, 可以引起蓝藻水华的水华藻之一,其代谢生成的二-甲基异莰醇 (2-methylisoborneol, 2-MIB) 可导致水体产生令人厌恶的嗅和味,从而使饮用水感官质量下降。本文探讨了温度 (15-30℃),BG11营养盐浓度 (20-100% (w/v))和光照强度 (1000-4000 Lux)对分离于巢湖的浮丝藻(Planktothrix sp.) FACHB-1372生长密度,总2-MIB生成量及胞外2-MIB分泌量的影响。研究结果表明在所述实验条件范围内,温度对浮丝藻生长密度,总2-MIB生成量及胞外2-MIB分泌量影响最显著。25 ℃是浮丝藻最适宜的生长温度,最高细胞密度可达6.04×10_⁵ cell?ml_^-1,30 ℃是其最适宜的产2-MIB温度,总2-MIB生成量和胞外2-MIB分泌量最高分别可达3.64×10_³ ng?L_^-1和2.78×10_³ ng?L_^-1；其次为营养盐浓度,增大BG-11营养盐浓度,浮丝藻生长密度和总2-MIB生成量会随之增加,但实验发现低浓度营养盐时,胞外2-MIB分泌量所占比例较高,表明低浓度营养盐更有利于浮丝藻进行胞外2-MIB分泌；光照对浮丝藻生长及产嗅味物质影响较小,强光照可促进2-MIB胞外释放,4000 Lux时其胞外2-MIB分泌量达最高。最后,依据实验结果为控制和预警浮丝藻过渡繁殖和嗅味物质释放提出了应对方法。     

冷地型鸭茅营养动态的研究

本文对日本引入的９个冷地型鸭茅品种的营养动态进行了研究。其结果表明，９个鸭茅品种的粗蛋白质含量随生育期的进展逐渐下降，以抽穗期下降的速度为快；而粗纤维的含量变化恰好相反，随生育期的推移而逐渐增加，抽穗期的粗纤维含量明显增高；粗灰分的含量变化亦呈下降趋势，但下降幅度不大。鸭茅营养物质变化的转折点是在抽穗期     

五株耐铅菌株对油菜植株营养元素的影响

在室内筛选的基础上,从当地石灰性土壤中分离出五株耐铅菌株,分别标记为M1、M2、M3、M4、M5,其中M1、M2为细菌,M3为放线菌,M4、M5为真菌,通过盆栽实验,研究其在不同浓度下对油菜养分的影响。研究表明:施加菌株M2、M3、M4和M5均对油菜氮磷的吸收均有显著促进作用,菌株M1却抑制了油菜对氮磷的吸收,施加菌株M3和M4油菜钾含量与对照相比略有升高,但差异均不显著,菌株M1、M2和M5显著抑制了植株对钾的吸收,抑制作用最大的是菌株M5,与对照相比降低了22%。     

亚硝酸盐在水生动物体内的吸收机制及蓄积的影响因素

亚硝酸盐是水产养殖系统中一种潜在的污染物，淡水鱼类通过鳃主动吸收亚硝酸盐，导致体内亚硝酸盐的浓度过高。海水鱼类对亚硝酸盐的敏感性较低，但仍可以通过肠和鳃吸收亚硝酸盐。影响亚硝酸盐在体内蓄积的因素很多，文章就亚硝酸盐在水生动物体内的吸收及蓄积的影响因素这2个方面进行了论述。