基于不同有效积温的玉米干物质累积量模拟

为获得研究区适宜的玉米干物质累积量(DM)估算模型,通过2017—2019年在吉林省长春地区开展的3年农田试验,观测玉米生育期内作物根区20 cm地温、40 cm地温、农田气温、作物冠层温度以及玉米地上部干物质累积量等数据,建立基于不同有效积温的Logistic模型及其归一化模型,并用实测数据进行模型验证。结果表明,基于有效积温建立的Logistic模型可以模拟单株玉米干物质累积量生长,但不同地点、不同年份所建立的模型参数差异较大; Logistic归一化模型能够很好地模拟区域玉米干物质增长,在利用实测数据进行模型验证中,基于作物根区20 cm地温、40 cm地温、农田气温和作物冠层温度4种类型有效积温的Logistic归一化模型,其均方根误差、相对误差、决定系数和模型一致性系数都能达到较优值;以2019年数据建立的Logistic归一化模型对玉米干物质累积量模拟效果最优;基于有效冠层积温的Logistic归一化模型模拟效果较优。本研究结果可为灌区精量灌溉决策和管理提供技术支撑。     

Using shallow saline groundwater for irrigation and regulating for soil salt-water regime

Drought and fresh water shortage are the main limiting factorsfor sustainable development of agriculture in North China Plain.Using saline water for irrigation plays important role forovercoming the constraints and increasing crops yields. Theexploitation and utilization of shallow saline groundwaterenables to regulate the groundwater depth and to promote thetransform of precipitation into available water resources.Thispaper reviews the research and practice on the utilization ofshallow saline groundwater in the part east of South GreatCanal in Haihe River Plain. Findings are presented on the useof saline water, cycling and blending of saline and fresh waterfor irrigation, indexing of crops salt tolerances, regulating forsoil salt-water regime, saline-alkali land reclamation andgroundwater quality freshening. These approaches help therational regulation and utilization of the local water resourcesfor comprehensive control of drought, waterlogging and salinity.     

引水渠道口门泥沙淤积计算

引水渠是一种常见的河道分流形式，由于主河道与引水渠之间往往有一定的夹角，水流从分汊前主河道流入引水渠时必然在一定的范围内发生一定程度的弯曲，其结果是有利于较多较粗的泥沙分入引水渠，导致渠道口门产生较为严重的淤积现象，而渠道口门淤积问题是决定引水工程是否成败的主要因素之一，通过一维非恒定流水沙沙数学模型，研究了不同水沙条件下引江济汉工程引水渠道口门泥沙淤积厚度变化规律，并分析了糙率对口门淤积厚度的影响情况，模型的计算结果与水流运动规律相吻合，可以为渠道引水防沙设计提供技术支持。     

Fine root decomposition,nutrient mobilization and fungal communities in a pine forest ecosystem

Despite its importance to energy flow and nutrient cycling the process of fine root decomposition has received comparatively little detailed research. Disruption of the fine root-soil interface during preparation of root litterbags for decomposition studies could affect decay rates and nutrient mobilization in part by altering the community of decay organisms. We compared rates of decomposition and nutrient release from fine roots of pine between litterbags and intact cores and characterized the fungal community in the decomposing roots. Fine root decomposition was about twice as fast overall for intact cores than litterbags, and rapid mobilization of N and P was observed for roots in cores whereas nutrients were immobilized in litterbags. Fungal communities characterized using 454 pyrosequencing were considerably different between decaying roots in intact cores and litterbags. Most interesting, taxa from ectomycorrhizal fungal orders such as Boletales, Thelephorales and Cantharellales appeared to be more common in decaying roots from cores than litterbags. Moreover, the rate of N and P mobilization from decaying fine roots was highly correlated with taxa from two orders of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Thelephorales, Cantharellales). Although we caution that DNA identified from the decaying roots cannot be conclusively ascribed to active fungi, the results provide tentative support for a significant role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in decomposition and nutrient mobilization from fine roots of pine.     

优化施肥对大豆氮素积累及产量的影响

采用大田试验方法,在两种密度(28、33万株.hm-2)条件下,研究了优化施肥对大豆不同器官的含氮量、氮积累量及产量的影响。结果表明,优化施肥显著提高了大豆植株R6期的含氮量,在高密度条件下,叶片含氮量提高了10.6%,茎秆含氮量提高了11.3%(P<0.05)。优化施肥显著增加了R2~R6阶段的氮素积累,其中R4~R6阶段高密度条件下氮积累量提高了41.4%(P<0.01)。R2~R6阶段的氮素积累与产量呈显著正相关。高密度条件下,优化施肥的产量比常规施肥提高了10.5%(P<0.05)。     

Comparison of nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen utilization efficiency between elite inbred lines and the landraces of maize

Abstract

Inadequate supply of nitrogen (N) fertilizers results in lower N use efficiency (NUE) and higher N losses which cause environmental deterioration, such as nitrate pollution of groundwater and emission of nitrous greenhouse gases. One way to increase NUE is to use N-efficient cultivars, which grow better under reduced N supplies. Both elite inbred lines and landraces are the basis for hybrid breeding in maize. While inbred lines are mostly selected from high N input conditions, landraces are historically distributed in poor soils with low N availability. Therefore, some potential NUE-related traits conserved in the landraces may have been lost during modern breeding processes. In the present study, the N accumulation and utilization efficiency of 15 elite inbred lines and four landraces of maize were compared at low (LN) and high N (HN) input conditions. In general, the grain yields of the inbred lines and the landraces were similar at both N rates. However, nitrogen accumulation ability in landraces was much higher than that of the inbred lines. The high N accumulation of landraces was closely related to their higher biomass, indicating that growth potential is the main driving force for N accumulation. Nevertheless, N utilization efficiency (grain produced per unit N absorbed) of the landraces was significantly lower than that in inbred lines. Correspondingly, assimilation allocation for grain formation, as indicated by the harvest index, was much lower in landraces than in inbred lines. The higher growth potential, and hence, the ability of N accumulation in landraces may be a valuable trait in breeding programs aiming to further improve N use efficiency.     

高水肥密植条件下大豆地上部干物重变化动态

在高施有机肥、地下亚表层灌水、窄行密植栽培模式下,对大豆合农60及对照品种垦丰16地上部干物质变化动态进行分析。结果表明:合农60荚干重增加明显,后期干物重积累迅速。在高水肥和小垄密植栽培条件下,窄行密植品种间存在差异,合农60为抗倒伏,适合于窄行密植的高产品种。     

2株优良天麻共生蜜环菌生长条件筛选

筛选出2株昭通本地天麻共生蜜环菌(SNA03、SNA04)菌索生长的最佳条件。采用单因素试验和正交试验法进行筛选,以生物量为考察指标。2株菌菌索生长的最适温度为25℃,暗培养下菌索生长速度最快;单糖(葡萄糖)为2菌株生长的最佳碳源,有机氮中的酵母膏和蛋白胨为最佳氮源,最适无机元素为K2SO4(SNA03)和KH2PO4(SNA04),最适维生素为VB2;最佳营养条件组合为葡萄糖∶酵母膏∶K2SO4(SNA03)或KH2PO4(SNA04)∶VB2=15g·L-1∶3g·L-1∶2g·L-1∶0.005g·L-)1,氮源(酵母膏)是影响菌索生长的最主要因素。来自昭通的2株天麻共生蜜环菌对营养和环境条件的要求基本一致。最佳生长条件的确定,对昭通蜜环菌快速工业化制种及天麻的大规模生产将起到一定的推动作用。     

Effects of Biofertilizers on Maize and Sunflower Seedlings under Cadmium Stress

Application of various alternative nutrient supplies can partly be substituted by chemical fertilizers, resulting in economical use with less environmental strains. Biofertilizers containing living microorganisms promote nutrition uptake, but still there are questions regarding their application under stress conditions. One of the main abiotic factors that can induce stress is contamination of soils with toxic elements. In the course of intensive plant-growth conditions, considerable quantities of basic cations are removed from the soil, resulting in acidification and thereby enhancing the uptake of heavy metals by plants. Cadmium (Cd) toxicity is a major problem affecting crop productivity worldwide. The presence of Cd in the rhizosphere can cause stress responses and alteration in many physiological processes, including nitrogen metabolism, photosynthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, sulfate assimilation, and plant–water interactions. Once in the plant, Cd can enter the food chain, causing public health problems. The aim of our work was to investigate the effects of biofertilizers on plant production and nutrient uptake in some Cd-contaminated soils. Our results revealed that Cd accumulated primarily in the roots and transport to the shoots was rather low; however, there were differences between the two plants species. Plant uptake by sunflower was greater than by maize, and sunflower appeared to be more stress tolerant of Cd than maize. With the use of the bacterium-containing biofertilizer, the toxic effect of Cd was moderated.     

沙障固沙原理的研究

提出了不以粗糙度而以障内沙面蚀积强度作为沙衡量沙障固沙效能的综合标志，主张通过障埂占位，通过对障埂高度和障梗间距的调节控制风沙流的蚀积机制，在此基础上推导了控蚀公式，并以Ｋ值等于１／１０作为沙障成败优劣的判断标准，对指导治沙实践具有较强的可操作性。