豌豆根瘤菌固氮结构墓因向好气性固氮菌（Azotobacter vinelandii）的转移

利用豌豆根瘤菌（Ｒｈｉｚｏｂｉｕｍｌｅｇｕｍｉｎｏｓａｒｕｍ）ＤＮＡ和好气性固氮菌（Ａｚｏｔｏｂａｃｔｅｒｖｉｎｅｌａｎｄｉｉ）ＤＮＡ之间的同源性，将ｎｉｆＤ基因插入了Ｔｎ５的豌豆根瘤菌突变株来诱导在ｎｉｆＤ基因上产生变异的Ａ．ｖｉｎｅｌａｎｄｉｉ突变株．先将豌豆根瘤菌的固氮结构基因ｎｉｆＤＨ克隆到大肠杆菌质粒ＰＲＫ２９０形成新的质粒ＰＲＫ２５０９，在协助质料ＰＲＫ２０１３的帮助下转入Ａ．ｖｉｎｅｌａｎｄｉｉ．对于筛选出的失去固氮能力的Ａ．ｖｉｎｅｌａｎｄｉｉ突变株进行测定，检测无细胞提取物中不同固氮酶组分的活性以及固氨酶蛋白组分的免疫性．结果表明，利用此基因转移系统查得到Ａ．ｖｉｎｅ；ａｎｄｉｉｅ的ｎｉｆ突变株．一些突变株的体外固氨酶活性非常低，加入纯化的固氨酶的不同组分可以增加其活性．在测定的突变株中，固氨酶的两种组分仍然存在，说明Ｔｎ５插入的位点是染色体上其它与固氮酶活性有关的位点．     

小麦固氮作用研究进展

小麦是主要的粮食作物之一，研究小麦及其固氮菌的作用对提高小麦产量具有重要意义。本文对近年来小麦的自生固氮（菌）、联合固氮（菌）和共生固氮（菌）的研究进行了全面分析与评价，系统论述了固氮基因遗传表达机理、固氮酶调节作用、固氮酶体系及其电子传递顺序研究的新进展。小麦固氮需要高能耗，但接种固氮菌增产作用明显，遗传改进研究已取得显著进展，进一步深入研究可望降低化肥施用量，提高小麦产量与蛋白质品质，实现生态良性循环和绿色生产。     

Effects of phosphate fertilizer on biomass production and N2(C2H2) fixation by pot-grown Ulex gallii Planchon in a forest soil

Summary N₂(C₂H₂) fixation by Ulex gallii Planchon (dwarf or autumn flowering gorse/furze) seedlings was determined following 8 months of growth (December-August) in the glasshouse in a very acid, N- and P-deficient forest soil. Application of Na₂HPO₄·12H₂O or North African ground rock phosphate fertilizer was essential for growth, nodulation and C₂H₂ reduction activity. Overall, both the sodium phosphate and the rock phosphate were equally effective P sources and the maximum acetylene reduction by intact roots was measured as 4.09 and 4.69 mol C₂H₄g^-1 fresh weight nodule h^-1, respectively. Applied NH₄Cl severely inhibited nodulation and restricted acetylene reduction activity but not seedling growth. The results are discussed in relation to the spread of U. gallii in the south of Ireland and its potential as a leguminous nurse crop for Sitka spruce on the very impoverished forest soils of the region.     

固氮酶的结构和催化机制及在农业生产实践中影响其活性的因素

介绍了固氮酶的结构和催化机制,并综述了近几年在农业生产中对固氮酶活性有影响的几个因素的研究进展。这些因素包括固氮菌的品种、作物的品种、土壤类型、氮肥的类型、耕作方式和氮肥的施用时期。     

Effect of salt stress on interaction between lentil (Lens culinaris) genotypes and Rhizobium spp. strains: symbiotic N2 fixation in normal and sodic soils

 Following screening, selection, characterization and examination of their symbiotic N₂ fixation, only two Rhizobium strains (ND-16 and TAL-1860) and four lentil genotypes (DLG-103, LC-50, LC-53 and Sehore 74-3) were found to be suited to sodic soils. Interactions between salt-tolerant lentil genotypes and Rhizobium strains were found to be significant, and resulted in greater nodulation, N₂ fixation (nitrogenase activity), total nitrogen, plant height, root length and grain yield in sodic soils under field conditions compared to uninoculated controls. Significantly more nodulation, nitrogenase activity, glutamine synthetase (GS) and NADH-dependent glutamate synthase (NADH-GOGAT) activities were found in normal soil as compared to the soil supplemented with 4% and 8% NaCl. Salt stress inhibited nitrogenase, GS and NADH-GOGAT activities. However, nitrogenase activity in nodules was more sensitive to salt stress than GS and NADH-GOGAT activities (NH₄ ⁺ assimilation). The relevance of these findings for salt-tolerant symbionts is discussed. Received: 14 November 1997     

Nodule study in Albizia chinensis in relation to nitrogen metabolism,morphology and biomass

Morphology,biomass,nitrate reductase(NR)and nitrogenase activity in Albizia chinensis(Osb.)Merr.nodules were assessed on monthly and seasonal basis for 1 year.Average NR and nitrogenase activity was higher during the rainy season,reaching a maximum in August.Thereafter,activity decreased through autumn and reached a minimum value during winter.Fresh and dry biomass of nodules increased gradually from summer to the rainy season and then started decreasing with the onset of winter as nodules began to senesce.Among four developmental stages of the nodules that correspond to their increasing age,NR and nitrogenase activity remained low in stage 1 nodules and peaked in stage 2.The activity of both enzymes further decreased with increasing age(stage 2 to stage 4).Morphological features such as shape,diameter and color varied considerably among the developmental stages.Stage 1 nodules were cream-colored,oval to heartshaped with smallest average diameter whereas at stage 2,they became bilobed to tetralobed.On the other hand,stage 3 nodules had the largest average diameter and were multilobed in structure.Stage 4 nodules that correspond to the senescing stage were dark brown to black,multilobed,flattened and hollow due to degeneration of nodular tissue.     

Effect of Water Regimes and Moisture Stress at Different Growth Stages on Nodule Dynamics,Nitrogenase Activity and Nitrogen Fixation in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill)*

The effect of water regimes and soil moisture stress on total nodule number, effective nodule number, nodule dry weight, nitrogenase activity and nitrogen fixation in soybean was studied. The effective nodule number, nodule weight, nitrogenase activity and nitrogen fixation increased due to increase in water regimes from 0.4 to 0.6 Cumulative Pan Evaporation (CPE). The stress during either flowering or pod filling reduced the effective nodule number, nodule weight, nitrogenase activity and nitrogen fixation. The amount of nitrogen fixed was maximum with 0.8 CPE (50.09 kg ha^-1 season^-1) followed by 0.6 CPE (42.08 kg ha^-1 season^-1) and 0.4 CPE (33.04 kg ha^-1 season^-1). The amount of nitrogen fixed was reduced by 17.71 % and 26.39 % due to stress during flowering and pod filling respectively compared to normal irrigation.     

Einfluss assoziativer Phyllosphären‐und Rhizosphärenbakterien auf das wachstum von Kulturpflanzen bei temperaturen gemässigter klimate

Phyllosphären‐ und Rhizosphärenbakterien (Pseudomonas spp., Pantoea spp., Agrobacterium spp., Rhizobium spp. bzw. Stenotrophomonas spp.) stimulierten unabhängig von der Herkunft (Getreide, Mais, Gräser, Raps, Rotklee, Kiefern) das Wachstum von W.‐Weizen, Mais und Erbsen in gemäßigten Klimaten.

Sie überlebten nach Sproß‐ und Wurzelinokulation bevorzugt im Rhizosphärenraum. Auch Phyllosphärenbakterien wanderten nach Sproßinokulation in die Rhizosphäre ab.

In gemäßigten Klimaten sind Wachstumsstimulierungen nicht an eine Nitrogenaseaktivität der Bakterien gebunden. Phytoeffektive Bakterien bildeten meist Phytohormone, Auxine und z.T. Cytokinine, die in den bevorzugt besiedelten Seitenwurzelzonen und Wurzelspitzen das Wurzelwachstum und die Nährstoffaufnahme aus dem Boden förderten. Das wirkte sich auch positiv auf den Chlorophyllgehalt in Maisblättern aus. Mögliche Unterschiede zur Bedeutung des Besiedlungsverhaltens und mikrobieller Stoffwechselleistungen in tropischen Klimaten werden diskutiert.     

夏花生覆膜对根瘤中固氮酶和叶片硝酸还原酶活性影响的研究

覆膜夏花生有利于根瘤菌的侵染和根瘤的形成，使花生早结瘤、多结瘤、早进行共生固覆；覆膜降低结荚以前的固氮酶活性，但有利于中后期固氮酶活性的提高和维持，可延缓根瘤衰老、延长根瘤固氮时间。覆膜对花生叶片硝酸还原酶活性（ＮＲＡ）的影响与固氮酶活性正好相反，结荚以前较高、中后期较低。与露地相比，覆膜花生前期利用土壤和肥料氮较多，而中后期则可主要靠根瘤固氮来提供氮素营养。     

兰州地区盐碱地小麦根际联合固氮菌分离及部分特性研究

结合气相色谱仪和高效液相色谱仪 ,利用乙炔还原等方法对兰州地区盐碱地小麦根际联合固氮菌进行分离和固氮酶活性、溶磷性、分泌植物激素特性研究。结果表明 :从小麦根际分离获得的 12株联合固氮菌株固氮酶活性差异较大 (C2 H4,12 4 6～ 6 5 1 6nmolh-1ml-1) ,具有较高固氮酶活性的菌株较少 (C2 H4大于 5 0 0nmolh-1ml-1的菌株只有 4株 ) ;固氮菌株中有 2株具有溶磷性 ,其溶磷强度 (P)分别为 16 30 μgml-1和 9 82 μgml-1;9株固氮菌株可分泌IAA ,但分泌IAA浓度相对较低 (1 4 0～ 15 13μgml-1) ,大于 10 μgml-1的菌株只有 2株。从菌株固氮酶活性、溶磷性和分泌植物生长素特性看 ,Pseudomonassp ChW1、Azotobactersp ChW5、Zoogloeasp ChW6、AzotobacterchroococcumChW11和Azospirillussp ChW15等在研制小麦菌肥方面具有较大的开发潜力。