CerealBeta-Amylases

Cerealbeta-amylases are perhaps best known in terms of the vital role they play in releasing easily fermentable sugars from cereal grain starch to fuel the production of alcohol by yeast in brewing. The extent to which they have been investigated is indeed largely due to their significance in this economically important industry. However, cerealbeta-amylases are also, or could be, employed in many other aspects of the food industry and the analysis of starch, and they constitute valuable markers in cereal assessment and breeding studies. Quite apart from their practical significance, they are rewarding objects of biochemical and physiological research. They are interesting models for the study of enzyme polymorphism, post-translational modification and the differential expression of isoenzymes. In spite of their often high activitiesin situand all that is known about their generation, they are an enigma in that their physiological function, or even necessity, remains unclear. It has been recently recognised that there are two different categories of cerealbeta-amylases which exhibit different tissue and taxonomic specificities and physiological developmental patterns. The «classical»beta-amylases present at high activities in cereal seeds appear to be limited to the endosperm of the species of the Triticeae tribe of the Festucoideae subfamily of the Gramineae (wheat, barley and rye), whereas all cereals exhibit a different, tissue-«ubiquitous» form of the enzyme which is present at much lower activity levels. The physiological phenomenology and the usage of cerealbeta-amylases are discussed in relation to these two categories of enzyme.     

Differential responses of chicory ecotypes exposed to drought stress in relation to enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants as well as ABA concentration

Drought stress causes various physiological and biochemical effects in plants. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), of the Asteraceae, is a medicinal herbal that is found in most parts of Iran. This study was taken as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design? with four replications, to evaluate the effect of water deficit on changes in antioxidant enzyme activity, proline content, and ABA accumulation of four ecotypes of chicory (Sefid Shiraz, Siyah Shiraz, Sefid Isfahan, Siyah Isfahan). To conduct this research, greenhouse cultivation at four different irrigation levels, 100% (as a control), 80, 60 and 40% of field capacity (FC), was conducted and after 60 days of tension under specific treatment, the plants were harvested and the indicators were investigated. The results of the present study indicate that Siyah Shiraz performs better than the others under water deficit conditions, as indicated by higher antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase) activity, proline content (as non-enzymatic anti oxidant) and abscisic acid accumulation in leaves. Since activation of the antioxidant system helps the plants with stress-induced damages, our results indicate that Siyah Shiraz has a better defense system against oxidative damage. These data are useful for better understanding of the physiological basis of changes in drought resistance as well as crop breeding projects.     

缓解奶牛热应激的喷淋水滴粒径研究

为探讨夏季缓解奶牛热应激喷淋水滴粒径对降温效果的影响,通过现场实验测试了3种平均喷淋水滴粒径(0.829、0.947、1.127 mm)缓解奶牛热应激效果。实验中利用热像仪采集奶牛体表温度,同时测定呼吸频率、直肠温度生理指标,并在此基础上利用Merkel焓差理论分析计算奶牛喷淋降温换热量。结果表明,喷淋过程中,3种粒径(0.829、0.947、1.127 mm)在奶牛脖颈区域平均降温为0.7、1.1、0.9℃,腹部区域平均降温为0.7、1.4、1.5℃,平均呼吸频率分别降低0.6、4.2、2.1次/min;喷淋结束后,3种粒径在奶牛脖颈区域平均降温为0.2、0.4、0.6℃,腹部区域平均降温为0.1、0.5、0.6℃,平均呼吸频率降低-0.4、1.4、1.2次/min。喷淋前后奶牛直肠温度均控制在稳定范围内,且平均喷淋水滴粒径0.947 mm和1.127 mm低于0.829 mm时的奶牛平均直肠温度。3种平均喷淋水滴粒径对应的奶牛单位时间换热量分别为417.4、469.9、430.4 W,其中0.947 mm平均喷淋水滴粒径下换热量最大。因此,平均喷淋水滴粒径0.947 mm更适用于夏季奶牛喷淋降温。     

非洲淡水鳉鱼的生存要素及日常管理研究——以贡氏假腮鳉为例

[目的]探讨非洲淡水鳉鱼的生存要素和日常管理。[方法]以贡氏假腮鳉为例,从水质、水温、光照和日常管理等方面来探讨贡氏假腮鳉的生存要素和日常管理。[结果]贡氏假鳃鳉幼鱼对水质和水温的要求很高。若水温过低,幼鱼的生病几率会大大增加,还可能出现畸变情况。另外,光照对成鱼的色彩也有很大影响。[结论]在贡氏假鳃鳉的日常饲养中,水中的溶氧量一般保持在6 mg/L以上。     

Splenectomy enhances sensitivity of islets to STZ in mice

AIM: To explore the protective role of spleen in damage of islet beta cells induced by streptozotocin (STZ).METHODS: Splenectomy in mice was performed by surgery. Sixty splenectomy mice were divided into 3 groups as the mice were intraperitoneally injected with STZ at doses of 80 mg/kg or 160 mg/kg, and saline, respectively. Sixty normal mice (without splenectomy) were also grouped and treated as above for controls. One week later, fasting blood glucose and serum insulin were monitored,and beta cell mass and the apoptosis of islet cells were analyzed by the methods of immunohistochemistry and ELISA, respectively. The content of reactive oxygen species was determined by the method of luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence.RESULTS: Compared to the normal control mice, the concentrations of fasting blood glucose significantly increased, and serum insulin reduced in splenectomy mice treated with STZ at the dose of 80 mg/kg. Moreover, beta cell mass decreased, enrichment factor of nucleosomes of islet apoptotic cells and reactive oxygen species produced in pancreas tissues significantly increased in splenectomy mice treated with STZ at the dose of 80 mg/kg.CONCLUSION: Splenectomy increases the sensitivity of islets to STZ in mice by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species in pancreas.     

运输对荣昌猪生理生化指标的影响

获取荣昌猪对运输的耐受能力,以此研究针对运输的保健药品和保健措施。选择40日龄的荣昌仔猪12头,在最低气温15℃下运输2h(100km)。从前腔静脉采集运输前及运输停止后30min、运输停止后第1天、3天、7天试验组及空白对照组荣昌仔猪的血液,进行主要血液生理生化指标检测。同时,检测试验组及空白对照组荣昌仔猪在运输前及运输停止后30min、运输停止后第1天、第3天、第7天的临床三大生理指标(呼吸、脉搏、体温)。采用F检验统计分析运输前后差异显著性,比较运输对组内各组影响的差异性。结果表明,荣昌仔猪在经过运输后,尿素、肌酐、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、碱性磷酸酶等大部分生理生化指标都有上升,与运输前比较差异极显著(P<0.01),运输前各荣昌仔猪之间的生理生化指标无显著差异(P>0.05),荣昌猪对运输的抵抗能力较差,需要在运输前后做好抗应激措施。     

寒地水稻不同氮肥施用量试验结果汇总

对2007～2010年水稻不同氮肥施用量试验结果进行汇总,结果表明:在一定的氮肥施用量范围内随着施氮量的增加水稻产量、单株分蘖率、穗粒数、稻米垩白率、蛋白质含量均呈增加趋势;千粒重、食味值随着氮肥施用量的增加呈下降趋势.不同年际氮肥的最佳施用量受气象条件影响明显.     

陕西关中地区小麦品种的发育特性

对陕西关中地区小麦品种发育特性的研究表明，随着品种更换虽然进入幼穗伸长的时间缩短，但品种未出现春性化，开花期在品种间差异不大，但二棱期至开花期的时间缩短，这是感光性减弱的结果；由于伸长期至二棱期的时间延长，从而利于增花增粒，近期育成的大穗品种多有明显的春性化，强感光性，需要加以改进。     

Simulation of transpiration, drainage, N uptake, nitrate leaching, and N uptake concentration in tomato grown in open substrate

Free-drainage or “open” substrate system used for vegetable production in greenhouses is associated with appreciable NO₃⁻ leaching losses and drainage volumes. Simulation models of crop N uptake, N leaching, water use and drainage of crops in these systems will be useful for crop and water resource management, and environmental assessment. This work (i) modified the TOMGRO model to simulate N uptake for tomato grown in greenhouses in SE Spain, (ii) modified the PrHo model to simulate transpiration of tomato grown in substrate and (iii) developed an aggregated model combining TOMGRO and PrHo to calculate N uptake concentrations and drainage NO₃⁻ concentration. The component models simulate NO₃⁻-N leached by subtracting simulated N uptake from measured applied N, and drainage by subtracting simulated transpiration from measured irrigation. Three tomato crops grown sequentially in free-draining rock wool in a plastic greenhouse were used for calibration and validation. Measured daily transpiration was determined by the water balance method from daily measurements of irrigation and drainage. Measured N uptake was determined by N balance, using data of volumes and of concentrations of NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺ in applied nutrient solution and drainage. Accuracy of the two modified component models and aggregated model was assessed by comparing simulated to measured values using linear regression analysis, comparison of slope and intercept values of regression equations, and root mean squared error (RMSE) values. For the three crops, the modified TOMGRO provided accurate simulations of cumulative crop N uptake, (RMSE = 6.4, 1.9 and 2.6% of total N uptake) and NO₃⁻-N leached (RMSE = 11.0, 10.3, and 6.1% of total NO₃⁻-N leached). The modified PrHo provided accurate simulation of cumulative transpiration (RMSE = 4.3, 1.7 and 2.4% of total transpiration) and cumulative drainage (RMSE = 13.8, 6.9, 7.4% of total drainage). For the four cumulative parameters, slopes and intercepts of the linear regressions were mostly not statistically significant (P < 0.05) from one and zero, respectively, and coefficient of determination (r²) values were 0.96-0.98. Simulated values of total drainage volumes for the three crops were +21, +1 and −13% of measured total drainage volumes. The aggregated TOMGRO-PrHo model generally provided accurate simulation of crop N uptake concentration after 30-40 days of transplanting, with an average RMSE of approximately 2 mmol L⁻¹. Simulated values of average NO₃⁻ concentration in drainage, obtained with the aggregated model, were −7, +18 and +31% of measured values.     

2006年贵州省赫章县秋季小麦条锈病调查

为了解中国新发现的小麦条锈病菌越夏区贵州省赫章县小麦条锈病秋季发生情况,2006年秋季笔者主要对该县古基乡、野马川镇、六曲河镇进行了调查,共调查119块地,自生麦病田率为55%,秋播小麦病田率为20.20%。古基乡发病较多,自生麦苗上有多个发病中心,有的秋播小麦田块亦呈现病叶较集中现象。在海拔1660-1910m范围内,都有小麦条锈病发生,说明当地越夏菌源能够为本地区秋苗发病提供充足菌量。对进一步研究内容进行了讨论并提出了赫章县小麦条锈病治理措施。