太湖流域糯稻地方品种资源农艺性状分析

为了充分利用地方资源有利基因拓展现代育成品种的遗传基础和改良目标性状,本研究利用15个主要农艺性状对135个太湖流域糯稻地方品种资源进行了分析。结果表明,晚熟、株高和穗颈长偏高、着粒密度和产量偏低为太湖流域糯稻地方品种的主要特征。性状的变异系数范围为3.42%~35.01%,单株产量、单株有效穗、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、穗颈长短、着粒密度等6个性状居前列。主成分分析显示,PC1-PC5能够解释总体70.4%的变异,而每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数、着粒密度、单株有效穗、株高、千粒重、单株产量等7个性状因具有高的特征向量值,为分析太湖流域糯稻地方品种资源的重要性状。以主成分分析中提取的5个公因子进行聚类分析,可将研究材料分为14类,其中第Ⅰ、Ⅸ、ⅩⅣ和Ⅻ类品种有利性状突出,是改良当地糯稻品种的极有用的种质资源。产量构成因子和单株产量的偏相关分析表明,太湖流域糯稻地方品种对产量的贡献主要是单株有效穗和每穗粒数,这也是地方品种亟待改良的重点。研究还发现,同名异种现象十分普遍。     

小麦糯性突变体的筛选

利用SDS－PAGE技术，从河北省小麦地方品种及国内外小麦育成种1270份中，发现Wx-B1突变体63份，Wx-D1突变体4份，Wx－E2份。红蘖麦和白芒白等品种的发现，丰富了品质育种的亲本；长穗偃麦草的蜡质基因与小麦蜡质基因不同，可以进行更深入的分子水平研究。研究表明，地方品种和育成种具有相似的突变规律；国外优良品质材料含有较高的Wx-B1突变频率；国内以源自北京、山西、陕西、云南的材料突变频率最高；河北、河南、山东、江苏等省份突变频率居中；而四川、天津、黑龙江和安徽等省份的样本量太小，突变频率也最低。该频率分布规律为信后育成种筛选的重点提供了帮助。     

Inheritance of ‘domestication’ traits in bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea (L.) Verdc.)

Controlled crosses in bambara groundnut were attempted between a range of thirty-six bambara groundnut landraces (thirty domesticated (V. subterranea var. subterranea) and six wild (V. subterranea var. spontanea)). Ten F₁ seed were produced. Of these, eight germinated producing F₂ populations. On seed set, four populations could be unambiguously confirmed as true crosses by F₃ seed coat colour. A single F₂ population, derived from a domesticated landrace from Botswana (DipC; female parent) crossed with a wild accession collected in Cameroon (VSSP11; male parent) was used to study a range of agronomic and domestication traits. These included; days to emergence, days to flowering, internode (fourth) length at harvest, number of stems per plant, leaf area, Specific Leaf Area (SLA), Carbon Isotope Discrimination (CID), 100 seed weight, testa colour and eye pattern around the hilum. On the basis of variation for internode length and stems per plant, 14 small F₃ families were selected and grown under field conditions to further investigate the genetic basis of the ‘spreading’ versus ‘bunched’ plant character, a major difference between wild and cultivated bambara groundnut. Results presented suggest that traits including leaf area, SLA, CID and 100 seed weight are controlled by several genes. In contrast, the variation for traits such as internode length, stems per plant, days to emergence and seed eye pattern around the hilum are likely to be under largely monogenic control. The results of this work are discussed in relation to the domestication of bambara groundnut.     

小麦地方品种Wx基因构成分析

用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ电泳技术,从９００份小麦（Ｔ．ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ）地方品种鉴定出普通小麦Ｗｘ－７Ｄ基因缺失材料一份,Ｗｘ－４Ａ基因缺失材料六份,含三个基因的材料为８９３份,出现频率为正常类型〉Ｗｘ－４Ａ〉Ｗｘ－７Ｄ〉Ｗｘ－７Ａ,Ｗｘ－７Ｄ缺失然因的发现,再次证明我国小麦资源是一特殊类群,这些材料的发现,为我国开展面各品质育种研究打下了坚实的材料基础,在小麦淀粉遗传控制研究和品质育种方面具有深远的理