EFFECT OF MIXED-SALT SALINITY ON GROWTH AND ION RELATIONS OF A QUINOA AND A WHEAT VARIETY

ABSTRACT

Salinity is among the most widespread and prevalent problems in irrigated agriculture. Many members of the family Chenopodiaceae are classified as salt tolerant. One member of this family, which is of increasing interest, is quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) which is able to grow on poorer soils. Salinity sensitivity studies of quinoa were conducted in the greenhouse on the cultivar, “Andean Hybrid” to determine if quinoa had useful mechanisms for salt tolerant studies. For salt treatment we used a salinity composition that would occur in a typical soil in the San Joaquin Valley of California using drainage waters for irrigation. Salinity treatments (EC_i ) ranging from 3, 7, 11, to 19?dS?m^?1 were achieved by adding MgSO₄, Na₂SO₄, NaCl, and CaCl₂ to the base nutrient solution. These salts were added incrementally over a four-day period to avoid osmotic shock to the seedlings. The base nutrient solution without added salt served as the non-saline control solution (3?dS?m^?1). Solution pH was uncontrolled and ranged from 7.7 to 8.0. For comparative purposes, we also examined Yecora Rojo, a semi-dwarf wheat, Triticum aestivum L. With respect to salinity effects on growth in quinoa, we found no significant reduction in plant height or fresh weight until the electrical conductivity exceeded 11?dS?m^?1. The growth was characteristic of a halophyte with a significant increase in leaf area at 11?dS?m^?1 as compared with 3?dS?m^?1 controls. As to wheat, plant fresh and dry weight, canopy height, and leaf area did not differ between controls (3?dS?m^?1) and plants grown at 7?dS?m^?1. Beyond this threshold, however, plant growth declined. While both quinoa and wheat exhibited increasing Na⁺ accumulation with increasing salinity levels, the percentage increase was greater in wheat. Examination of ion ratios indicated that K⁺:Na⁺ ratio decreased with increasing salinity in both species. The decrease was more dramatic in wheat. A similar observation was also made with respect to the Ca²⁺:Na⁺ ratios. However, a difference between the two species was found with respect to changes in the level of K⁺ in the plant. In quinoa, leaf K⁺ levels measured at 19?dS?m^?1 had decreased by only 7% compared with controls. Stem K⁺ levels were not significantly affected. In wheat, shoot K⁺ levels had decreased by almost 40% at 19?dS?m^?1. Correlated with these findings, we measured no change in the K⁺:Na⁺ selectivity with increasing salinity in quinoa leaves and only a small increase in stems. In wheat however, K⁺:Na⁺ selectivity at 3?dS?m^?1 was much higher than in quinoa and decreased significantly across the four salinity levels tested. A similar situation was also noted with Ca²⁺:Na⁺ selectivity. We concluded that the greater salt tolerance found in quinoa relative to wheat may be due to a variety of mechanisms.     

Early Supplies of Available Nitrogen to Seed‐Row of a Canola Crop as Affected by Fertilizer Placement

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at Star City (legal location SW6‐45‐16‐W2); Saskatchewan, Canada from May 2000 to June 2000, to measure nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) supply rates from fertilizer bands to the seed‐row of canola crop. Ion exchange resin membrane probes (PRS^TM) were used to measure N and P supply rates in four treatments [80 kg N ha^?1 of urea as side‐row band, 80 kg N ha^?1 of urea as mid‐row band, check/no N (side‐row)/P side‐row, check/no N (mid‐row)/seed placed P]. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Two anion and cation exchange resin probes (PRS^TM) were placed in each plot in the seed‐row immediately after seeding and fertilizing. The probes were allowed to remain in the field for 2 days and replaced with another set of probes every 4 days for a total of 14 days until canola emerged. Ammonium‐N, nitrate‐N and P supply rates were calculated based on the ion accumulated on the probes. Urea side‐row band treatments (fertilizer N 2.5 cm to side of every seed‐row) had significantly higher cumulative available N supply rates than mid‐row band placement in which fertilizer N was placed 10 cm from the seed‐row in between every second seed‐row. No significant differences were observed in P supply rates. The higher N rates (120 kg N ha^?1) resulted in lower grain yield in side‐row banding than mid‐row banding possibly due to seedling damage. However, the earlier fluxes of N into the seed‐row observed with side‐row banding may be an advantage at lower N rates in N deficient soils.     

拟南芥DA1-Related Protein 2基因参与调控植物对盐胁迫的响应

土壤盐渍化是目前农业生产面临的主要问题之一,同时种子萌发转绿作为植物幼苗形态建成的基础对盐胁迫最为敏感。本研究以Col-0、Ler野生型拟南芥和osr1短根突变体拟南芥为试验材料,通过图位克隆方法得到调控根生长的DAR2(DA1-Related Protein 2)基因。本研究利用RT-PCR方法,发现生长10 d的Col-0幼苗在200 mmol·L 1氯化钠条件下处理6 h和12 h,DAR2基因受盐胁迫诱导;200 mmol·L 1氯化钠处理后,组织化学染色结果显示,萌发1 d的根尖韧皮部和3 d的叶片pDAR2::GUS的表达上升,进一步表明DAR2基因受到盐胁迫的诱导。统计不同MS培养基[0(CK)、100 mmol·L 1氯化钠、150 mmol·L 1氯化钠、200 mmol·L 1氯化钠、150 mmol·L 1氯化钾、200 mmol·L 1甘露醇]上Col-0和dar2-3的萌发率和转绿率发现:随着氯化钠浓度的逐渐增大,突变体无论萌发还是转绿时间明显比野生型晚。在150 mmol·L 1氯化钾和200 mmol·L 1甘露醇培养条件下,萌发和转绿的时间也比野生型要晚。这些结果表明突变体在萌发和转绿期对盐胁迫的敏感性比野生型明显增强,进一步证明了突变体对盐胁迫的敏感性并不是对离子的特异响应。这些研究结果为深入了解逆境胁迫下植物早期生长发育的可塑性调控机制奠定了基础,同时也为通过生物技术改良作物抗逆性提供了理论依据。     

猪舍不同发酵床垫料氨挥发与氧化亚氮排放特征

为了探明发酵床养猪过程中的氨挥发与氧化亚氮排放特征,分别选取3种不同原料的发酵床:稻壳+锯木屑(FD)、稻壳+菌糠(FJ)、稻壳+酒糟(FW)作为研究对象,采用静态箱法收集气体,对1个养猪周期内(140 d)的氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放量进行测定。结果表明,3种垫料的氨挥发高峰期呈现出一定的时间顺序:FW主要出现在饲养前期,FJ出现在前中期,而FD则集中在饲养中后期。3种垫料的氨挥发总量具有显著性差异,FW发酵床在整个养殖周期内的氨挥发总量最大,为9.06 kg;其次是FJ,氨挥发总量达到4.83 kg。3种发酵床垫料的氧化亚氮排放规律具有一致性,即排放高峰期主要集中在饲养中后期;其排放总量同样具有显著性差异,同氨挥发总量一样,FW的氧化亚氮排放总量最高,达到2.06 kg;其次是FJ,氧化亚氮排放总量为1.74 kg。通过物质流分析发现,以氨气和氧化亚氮转化损失的氮量占氮素总损失量的23%~36%,说明气体转化是发酵床养猪过程中氮素的主要损失途径之一。     

外源葡萄糖对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗光合作用和离子分布的影响

[目的]为了探讨外源葡萄糖缓解盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生理伤害的作用机制。[方法]采用营养液水培法,以盐敏感型黄瓜品种‘津春2号’为材料,研究外源葡萄糖对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长、叶绿素含量、光合作用以及体内离子分布的影响。[结果]盐胁迫(65mmol/L Na Cl)显著降低了黄瓜幼苗叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci),限制了黄瓜幼苗植株的生长,而根施2 mmol/L葡萄糖缓解了盐胁迫诱导的光合速率和生长下降;在盐胁迫下,黄瓜幼苗叶片、茎和根中Na+和Cl-含量显著增加,而K+和Mg2+含量明显降低,外源葡萄糖处理逆转盐胁迫诱导黄瓜植株体内离子含量的变化。[结论]外源葡萄糖通过抑制根中Na+和Cl-向地上部的运输,减轻叶片中Na+和Cl-积累诱导的离子毒害,从而缓解盐胁迫对光合作用的抑制,进而促进盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的生长。     

电子束辐照对壳聚糖分子量和结构的影响

采用电子束辐照降解壳聚糖,并利用体积排阻色谱-十八角度激光光散射仪、环境扫描电子显微镜、FTIR光谱仪、X衍射仪对辐照样品进行分析.结果表明:随着辐照剂量的增加,壳聚糖的分子量逐渐降低;颗粒随着辐照剂量的增加而逐渐减小;在5～ 300kGy的辐照剂量范围内,电子束辐照对其结构、脱乙酰度和结晶度几乎没有影响.     

非衍生化-气相色谱串级质谱（GC-MS-MS）法测定豆粉中的三聚氰胺

利用离子阱气相色谱质谱联用仪,建立了非衍生化处理-气相色谱串级质谱直接分析三聚氰胺的检测方法.利用三聚氰胺二级质谱进行定性,以二级质谱的特征离子峰m/z=85进行定量,分析效率大大提高.方法的线性范围为0.5～10 mg/L,线性相关系数为0.998 7,最小检测限为0.20 mg/kg,方法的精密度为5.9%,方法的回收率为82%～96%,满足现有三聚氰胺的检测,建立的方法可以直接应用于该类产品中三聚氰胺的检测.     

离子束介导玉米DNA后受体小麦当代群体的生物学效应

以6份玉米品种的全基因组DNA为供体,以4份普通小麦品种为受体,借助于低能离子束介导技术完成异源遗传物质的转移,对其介导试验的当代群体的特异性进行了观察鉴定。结果表明,经过离子束注入处理后试验材料的成苗率明显地降低,这是低能离子所导致的生物学效应之一。在所有的试验材料的生育前期和中期,在每一个处理的群体内主要农艺性状上没有表现出明显的差异,而在生育后期,被处理材料的大部分农艺性状与对照没有显著差异,仅仅在4个性状,即植株的生长势、穗型、主茎分蘖状态和单穗变异上,被处理材料表现出一定的变异特征。尽管离子束注入处理和直接浸泡外源DNA的处理也会导致其当代群体内出现突变株,但其群体内的突变株数量比较少,突变率比较低。经过离子束介导处理所导致的生物学效应最明显,其群体内的突变株数量比较多,突变率比较高。     

大豆耐盐性研究进展*

本文从离子毒害、膜脂和蛋白质组分改变、活性氧伤害、根瘤和盐腺等方面,概述了有关大豆耐盐性的研究进展。阐明了大豆右以通过渗透调节、膜组分改变、清除活性氧等生理机制增强抗盐性,还可通过根瘤、盐腺等形态结构适应盐逆境。指出了提高大豆耐盐以进行盐土生物改良和综合开发的可能途径及今后的研究方向。     

用离子交换树脂催化法合成松油醇

探讨了用离子交换树脂催化合成松油醇的工艺条件,考察了溶剂、反应温度和反应时间等对水合反应的影响。