Distribution of non-native trout in Slovenia and their introgression with native trout populations as observed through microsatellite DNA analysis

In Slovenia, the Adriatic basin inhabited by native marble trout (S. marmoratus), and the Danubian basin inhabited by native Danubian lineage of brown trout (S. trutta) have been intensively affected by stocking with non-native trout strains. In order to assess spread of non-native strains and their introgression with native trout, a population study based on five microsatellite loci was applied across ten marble and ten brown trout populations, ranging from allegedly non-introgressed to heavily managed. On the basis of correspondence analysis, which revealed three clear groupings consisting of the Danubian and Atlantic lineages of brown trout and the marble trout, the alleles, characteristic of each grouping were identified and used for estimating genetic composition of each population according to the three possible origins. Among the wild populations, five marble and one brown trout populations were found to be pure; all the others were introgressed with exotic alleles (Atlantic and marmoratus alleles in the Danubian basin and Atlantic and Danubian in the Adriatic basin) that markedly dominate in intensively managed populations. As revealed by non-significant F_IS values, panmixia between native and introduced fishes has for the most part already been reached. Our research showed that it is not only marble trout whose identity is endangered in Slovenia but also the existence of autochthonous Danubian brown trout is critically compromised, which is new information to be taken into account for local trout conservation.     

Detecting hybridization in wild (Coturnix c. coturnix) and domesticated (Coturnix c. japonica) quail populations

Two subspecies of Coturnix coturnix have allopatric distributions in Europe, Maghreb and western Asia (the Common quail C. c. coturnix), and in eastern Asia (the Japanese quail C. c. japonica), except for sympatric breeding areas in the Baikal (Russia) and Kentei (Mongolia) regions, where they could hybridize. Japanese quails have been reproduced in captivity for centuries and domesticated. Massive releasing of Japanese domesticated quails, or hybrids, in west European countries might threaten with hybridization the gene pool of wild quail populations. Here, we used mitochondrial (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA markers (microsatellites), and Bayesian admixture analyses aiming to assess subspecies distinction and identify hybrids in wild and captive-reared quails. A phylogenetic tree identified two major mtDNA clades, corresponding to the two subspecies, and allowed detecting 12 hybrids in wild Common quails sampled in Spain. Additional hybrids were identified in wild quails sampled in Spain, Italy and Senegal using microsatellite markers. Wild quails sampled in Mongolia showed japonica mtDNAs, but their microsatellite genotypes were admixed, suggesting that Common and Japanese quails can hybridize in nature. Some captive-reared stocks of Japanese quails were also admixed. Introgression of domesticated Japanese quail genes in wild Common quail populations might affect the phenotypic expression of functional traits, as body size, feather colours, sexual calls and migratory behaviours. Hence, restocking with captive-reared non-native quails should be banned.     

Does restocking with Japanese quail or hybrids affect native populations of common quail Coturnix coturnix?

Natural populations of the common quail Coturnix coturnix may hybridize in the wild with non-native individuals (Japanese quail Coturnix japonica or hybrids) as a result of restocking for hunting purposes. Several laboratory studies suggest that this could lead to a decline in the impulse to migrate in the common quail, and a drop in the frequency of phenotypes showing this tendency. This could lead to an increase in common quail populations in North Africa and a decrease in Europe. This paper provides new data on the proportion of hybrids in Catalonia (Northeast Spain) over 24 years (1983-2006) showing how restocking with Japanese quail or hybrids affects native populations of common quail. The first hybrids were detected in 1990 with an estimate of 4.65% of non-native individuals during the breeding season of wild common quail populations. No increase in non-native or hybrid numbers was detected during the study period, indicating that restocking poses no serious conservation problems at present. However, this may change in the near future, either with or without changes in the current scenario. A prudent policy with regard to restocking with non-native individuals is suggested. Moreover, further studies are needed to clarify the extent of this conservation problem.     

Pollination systems, hybridization barriers and meiotic chromosome behaviour in Nemesia hybrids

The ability of 13 Nemesia species (six annual and seven perennial) to sexually hybridize was investigated. Six of the perennial Nemesia species investigated were inter-fertile with one another. Two of the annual species, N. macroceras and N. strumosa, were inter-fertile. Thirty three crosses were successful and resulted in viable seeds. The analysis of meiotic chromosome behaviour in interspecific hybrids indicated that Nemesia chromosomes in different parental species were homeologous. No evidence of chromosome inversions or chromosome translocations was observed during meiosis in interspecific hybrids between the six perennial Nemesia species. In the hybrids produced between N. macroceras and N. strumosa, a quadrivalent was observed during meiotic metaphase I, indicating that these two species differ by a reciprocal translocation. A successful hybridization was made between N. anisocarpa (annual) and N. foetans (perennial), producing two triploid hybrids. In the unsuccessful crosses, pollen tubes were observed entering ovaries and ovules, suggesting that post-fertilization barriers were preventing sexual hybridization. Many of these crosses produced nonviable, shrunken, empty seeds, suggesting that endosperm breakdown and embryo abortion prevent interspecific hybridization in unsuccessful crosses. The manipulation of ploidy levels in N. fruticans and N. strumosa and tissue culture of N. strumosa × N. fruticans ovules failed to overcome post-fertilization barriers between these species.     

白桦雌花发育前期和中期差异基因表达分析

白桦为雌雄同株的单性花树种,在木本植物花发育研究中有着重要作用。本文旨在初步确定白桦雌花发育过程中的关键时期大孢子发生(前期)和配子体发育(中期)过程中基因表达及调控的差异,同时挖掘与雌花发育相关的基因。首先,运用细胞学方法确定试材雌花的发育时期。其次,采用抑制消减杂交(SSH)技术,分别以白桦前期和中期雌花序的cDNA作为tester和driver,建立正、反向抑制消减杂交cDNA文库:BHHQ和BHHZ。共获得1406个高质量的EST序列,其中787个与数据库中的已知核酸或蛋白序列有较高同源性, 47个可能与花发育相关。GO分析结果表明,这些基因34.96%参与生物合成,16.45%参与细胞组件,48.59%参与分子功能。另外,选择6个与花发育相关EST进行qRT-PCR分析,结果显示这些基因在不同组织中都有一定表达。其中bhhq.408,bhhq.435,bhhz.359,bhhz.215在生殖器官中的表达明显高于营养器官;bhhq.254,bhhq.190在绝大多数组织中均有一定表达,说明这些基因不仅参与生殖器官的发育,也在营养器官中发挥一定的作用。      

优质高产红绿茶兼用新品种79-27-17选育研究报告

79—27—17是以槠叶齐为母本，以大叶种混合花粉为父本经人工杂交授粉育成，在实生苗苗圃选拔、无性繁殖、系统选育、品种比较试验中表现突出，制烘青绿茶品质优于福鼎大白茶，制红碎茶品质优于槠叶齐，鲜叶产量极显著高于槠叶齐和福鼎大白茶，是一个优质高产的红绿茶兼用型茶树新品种。     

Genetic Introgression Between Arctic Charr (Salvelinus Alpinus) and Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) in Bavarian Hatchery Stocks Inferred from Nuclear and Mitochondrial DNA Markers

Nuclear insulin-like growth factor 2 gene (IGF-2), growth hormone 1 gene (GH-1) and internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) of the ribosomal DNA as well as the mitochondrial NADH-3 and NADH-4 dehydrogenase genes (ND-3/4) exhibited species-specific restriction fragment patterns and three microsatellite loci (Sfo18, Ssa85 and Ssa197) had non-overlapping allele size ranges in Arctic charr and brook trout and were used as diagnostic markers for testing genetic purity of hatchery stocks and wild populations of Arctic charr and brook trout in Bavaria, Germany. Screening of four wild populations (three in Arctic charr and one in brook trout) revealed only a single hybrid (back-cross to brook trout) individual in L. Starnberg. In contrast, in three (out of five) hatchery stocks of Arctic charr and in both hatchery stocks of brook trout hybrids were detected with the frequency from 3 to 100%. Three hatchery stocks (SS2, SA and BS1) represent a hybrid swarm because they contained a very high proportion of hybrids (from 83 to 100%) and most or all hybrid individuals had alien alleles at only one or a few of six unlinked diagnostic loci, indicating that post-F₁ hybrids represent the majority of individuals in these stocks and introgression has taken place. Release or escape of introgressed individuals from hatcheries into natural water bodies should be avoided in order to protect the biological diversity and genetic integrity of native fish populations.     

大花蕙兰种子的液体保藏研究

大花蕙兰是一种具有极高观赏价值的兰属植物,其主要的育种方法是杂交育种。杂交后得到的种子很多,每个果实中有种子数万粒,需进行无菌播种才可以萌发。即便在低温下,种子在空气的保藏时间也很短。把种子放在按照MS培养基配方配制的液体中,pH5.4,蔗糖30g/L,每毫升保藏液中保藏种子数量在50粒以上,环境温度控制在15℃左右,光照约2000lux,保藏液每天早晚震荡两次,每次2h,即可获得理想的保藏效果。     

强健性蚕品种海的育成及云·山×东·海的选配

采用杂交、定向培育、系统选择的方法 ,育成强健性多丝量品种海 ,并引进苏花、871组配成云·山×东·海的四元杂交组合。经 5个攻关点联合鉴定表明 ,万蚕收茧量 17 5 3kg、万蚕茧层量 4 179kg、茧丝长 1184m、解舒丝长 90 7m、鲜毛茧出丝率 18 5 %、洁净 94 98分 ,主要经济指标全面超过对照种。已通过国家农作物品种审定委员会审定 ,并在生产上试繁推广