矮败小麦群体改良的方法与技术

矮败小麦是具有矮秆基因标记的太谷核不育小麦. 根据轮回选择的基本原理和方法, 结合矮败小麦的特点, 我们逐步建立起一套简单易行的群体改良方法. 其主体技术包括组建一个好的基础群体, 利用控制授粉向群体引进优良基因, 通过开花前不良可育株的淘汰提高优良基因的频率, 借助于可育株与不育株的异交使基因重组, 以及正确地选     

Variation in dormancy duration of the U.K. wheat cultivar Hornet due to environmental conditions during grain development

Dormancy of wheat grains, the property conferring sprouting resistance, is affected by environmental conditions experienced during grain development. We investigated the hypothesis that short dormancy duration in U.K. wheat grain (thus a high risk of post-maturity sprouting) is related to weather conditions, i.e. high temperatures during grain development. Four wheat varieties were grown at four sites ranging from the far south to the far north of the country in the years 1995–1997,ensuring different temperature and rainfall conditions during grain development. This paper focuses on one variety, Hornet, which has a high sprouting resistance rating. Other varieties gave similar results. Serial laboratory germination tests (seven days, 20°C) at 100°C-dayintervals were used to measure dormancy duration, which was assessed from logistic curves fitted to the data. During the experiment the mean temperatures during grain development differed by over4°C, due to the site × year effect. Significant effects (p>0.05) of site and year (i.e. weather) on dormancy were found, when definitions of dormancy duration of D_A (number of days from anthesis to 50% germination in seven days at 20°C) or D_P (number of days from physiological maturity at 45% grain moisture to 50% germination) were used. Dormancy was markedly shorter in the hot, dry year 1995 compared to the cooler, wetter years 1996 and 1997. A relationship, as postulated by Belderok, between accumulated temperature during the dough stage of grain filling and dormancy duration was not found. However, a relationship of dormancy duration to the mean temperature during grain development was found, with short dormancy periods occurring after high mean temperatures were experienced. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同生育期干旱对冬小麦根冠生长发育的影响

用盆栽对冬小麦不同生育阶段进行不同程度水分调亏试验结果表明：拔节－孕穗期、抽穗－杨花期和灌浆－成熟3个阶段内土壤相对含水量（RW）上限为40％、50％、60％的水分亏缺均对作物的根冠发育产生了影响，拔节－孕穗期RW40％的水分亏缺处理使株高降低很多，低于不施肥的ck1，复水后也无法恢复。不同生育期的干旱均引起根冠干重的下降，根长则不同，水分亏缺有时会使根长增加，要看具体亏缺程度而定。根系不如冠部对干旱敏感，干旱促进营养物质向根的分配，减少了向冠部的运输，导致根冠比增大，另外，随生育期的推移，干旱对根冠比的影响减小。     

New strategies for increasing heterozygosity in crops: Vicia faba mating system as a study case

Our research assesses the feasibility of using artificial selection on pre-mating floral traits to modify the mating system of faba bean (Vicia faba). This analysis considered two synthetic populations, which were derived from different genetic pools and had undergone five years of multiplication. For these populations, we identified floral and inflorescence traits that influence outcrossing per plant and examined the relative importance of these traits in governing yield. Codominant isozyme loci and the mixed-mating model were used to estimate the multilocus female outcrossing rate. A maternal half-sib design was used to evaluate the additive genetic component of floral and inflorescence traits, yield and yield components. Multiple regression was used to assess the effects of floral and inflorescence traits on outcrossing and yield and components of yield. The two populations exhibited mixing mating. Self-fertilization appears to result from the action of pollinating bees, so that its incidence could be modified by selection on floral and inflorescence traits that affect pollination. Floral and inflorescence traits affected individual differences in outcrossing unequally, with most variation being associated with the numbers of displayed flowers and inflorescences. Variation among plants in reward traits and in shape, although statistically significant, had limited and inconsistent influences on individual differences in outcrossing. Yield and its components varied strongly with aspects of floral display and, to a lesser extent, floral design, except for seed weight. Overall, our results imply that both outcrossing and yield could be enhanced by selection for plants that produce more inflorescences, each with relatively few flowers.     

Methods for Rapidly Measuring the Lodging Resistance of Wheat Cultivars

Lodging resistance ratings for winter wheat cultivars are frequently based upon observations of lodging. This is an unreliable method because of the frequent occurrence of years without significant lodging events. It also does not distinguish between stem and root lodging resistance. This paper describes the development and testing of instrumentation and procedures for two field‐based methods to rapidly assess stem and root lodging resistance. Both methods used a specifically designed instrument for measuring the resistance of shoots against rotational displacement. Stem lodging resistance was assessed when the soil was dry and strong, whereas resistance to root lodging was assessed after the soil had been weakened by irrigation. Tests were carried out on 14 winter wheat cultivars grown at two sites in the UK during 2002. Both methods were able to detect statistically significant differences between the cultivars for their resistance to stem and root lodging. A comparison of these results with observations of lodging in the field showed that the methods accounted for about 60 and 50 % of the stem and root lodging respectively.     

四倍体小麦矮秆基因的赤霉素敏感性及对农艺性状的影响

为明确四倍体小麦矮秆基因Rht14、Rht16和Rht18的赤霉素敏感性及其对小麦农艺性状的影响,促进这些矮秆基因的合理利用。选用分别含有Rht14、Rht16和Rht18的四倍体小麦近等基因系ANW16D(Rht14)、ANW16F(Rht16)、ANW16G(Rht18)及其高秆轮回亲本LD222以及六倍体小麦中国春(Chinese spring),测量其不同浓度GA3处理下小麦的株高,计算赤霉素敏感系数(GRI)并推断3种矮秆小麦的赤霉素反应类型。在成熟期对LD222近等基因系小麦的农艺性状如株高、穗长、主穗穗下第一茎节(P-1)节间长、节间表皮细胞、种子表皮细胞及种子体积等进行测量,分析Rht14、Rht16、Rht18这3个矮秆基因对小麦这些农艺性状的效应。结果表明,ANW16D、ANW16F和ANW16G这3个矮秆小麦株高恢复到正常LD222株高的最适GA3浓度为10-4mol/L;3个矮秆品种均为赤霉素敏感型且敏感性大小为中国春ANW16GANW16FANW16DLD222;Rht14、Rht16、Rht18均是通过降低主穗穗下第一茎节(P-1)节间长度来使小麦株高降低,降低效应为Rht18Rht16Rht14;它们降低小麦株高的根本原因均是缩短了小麦节间表皮细胞长度且缩短效应与降低株高效应一致;3个矮秆基因均在降低小麦株高的同时不影响种子的体积。     

不同品种马铃薯的颗粒全粉功能品质分析

以相同条件下生产的7个品种马铃薯为原料,测定其品质指标(干物质、总淀粉、直链淀粉、还原糖、VC)和加工全粉的功能指标(蓝值、持水性和持油性),研究不同品种马铃薯及其所制颗粒全粉功能品质的差异。结果表明,除费乌瑞它品种马铃薯的干物质含量偏低外,其余6个品种秦芋30、秦芋32、0406-1、0406-9、安薯56、鄂5均符合加工全粉的要求;马铃薯原料中总淀粉含量高,则游离淀粉的含量相对较高。7个品种马铃薯全粉的蓝值顺序为:安薯56费乌瑞它鄂5秦芋320406-9秦芋300406-1;持水性顺序为:秦芋32鄂5秦芋300406-9费乌瑞它0406-1安薯56;持油性顺序为:0406-1安薯56鄂5费乌瑞它=秦芋32秦芋300406-9。该结果可为马铃薯颗粒全粉生产的原料选择和全粉应用提供参考依据。     

In vitro culture variation of wheat and rye caused by genes affecting plant growth habit in vivo

Summary The influence of genes affecting the plant growth habit in wheat (Rht8 and Ppd1) and rye (ct1 and ct2) on tissue culture response was studied using immature embryos. Whereas the semi-dwarfing gene Rht8 seems to promote only a minor effect, the day-length sensitive allele ppd1 determined a major increase in callus growth and regeneration ability. With regards to their tissue culture efficiency, the four alleles studied could be ranked as follows: ppd1>Rht8>rht8>Ppd1.In contrast to wheat, the GA insensitive semi-dwarfing genes of rye (ct1 and ct2) appear not to influence in vitro response.     

An investigation of the relationship between the F1 potential and the measures of genetic distance among wheat lines

Summary Three groups of characters selected using three methods were used to calculate genetic distance among two groups of winter wheat lines using Euclidean distance based on principal components. These wheat lines were then clustered by the unweighted pair-group arithmetic average method. The relationship between genetic distance and standardized potence was seemingly influenced by genetic materials. In order to obtain promising crosses, it is advisable to select parents from intercluster rather than intracluster materials. The results suggested that the repeatability method was better than the conventional and weighting methods for selecting characters for distance analysis.     

水稻广亲和品种与籼、粳稻的亲和力遗传分析

分析了广亲和品种02428,CP—SLO_(17)和轮回422与籼、粳稻杂种F_1、F_2及F_3世代亲和力与颖尖色的遗传特点,结果表明,具有一个广亲和品种的组合,F_1花粉育性与结实率正常,均在70%以上,F_2结实率呈连续变异,但主要分布在60～80%区域,平均结实率65.1%,F_3育性变异度与F_2基本一致,但平均结实率有明显提高。两个广亲和品种间杂交后代育性显著提高,F_2结实率低于60%的单株较少,而不含广亲和品种的组合F_1表现半不育,F_2呈正态分布,平均结实率43.4%,主要分布在40～60%之间。以上说明广亲和基因是存在的,广亲和力既受主效基因支配,也有微效基因参与作用。颖尖色出现3∶1或9∶7分离,有色颖尖与高结实率连锁明显,因此,颖尖色可以作为选择广亲和基因的标记性状。