昆虫共生菌沃尔巴克氏体(Wolbachia)的wsp基因密码子使用模式分析

沃尔巴克氏体(Wolbachia)主要感染昆虫等节肢动物,是一类革兰阴性共生细菌。为探讨昆虫纲共生菌Wolbachia的系统发育,研究Wolbachia基因组中进化速度较快的外膜蛋白基因wsp的密码子使用模式及影响因素,统计分析该基因的GC含量(GCall、GC1、GC2、GC3、GC3s)、有效密码子数(ENc)、相对同义密码子使用度(RSCU)等指标。结果显示:昆虫纲共生菌Wolbachia的wsp基因密码子偏好性均不强,昆虫纲不同目间共生菌Wolbachia的wsp基因碱基组成及ENc值差异较小;多数基因数据点沿标准曲线或在其附近分布,突变对碱基组成的影响较弱;18种由多个密码子编码的氨基酸中有11种氨基酸的偏好性密码子在昆虫纲7个目及对照蛛形纲1个目间均相同,有2种氨基酸的偏好性密码子在7个目间相同,这些密码子均以A/U结尾;供分析的140个wsp基因中仅编码6个半胱氨酸(Cys);对应分析中第1、第2向量轴贡献率均不高,分别为13.53%和12.49%,均与碱基组成(GC1、GC2、GC3)显著相关。综合各项分析认为,Wolbachia的wsp基因密码子偏好性不具有宿主分类特异性,密码子使用模式主要受碱基组成影响,而碱基组成主要受选择影响。     

Evaluation of a multi-line broiler chicken population using a single-step genomic evaluation procedure

Effects on prediction of analysing a multi-line chicken population as one line were evaluated. Body weight records were provided by Cobb-Vantress for two lines of broiler chickens. Phenotypic records for 183 695 and 164 149 broilers and genotypic records for 3195 and 3001 broilers were available for each line. Lines were combined to create a multi-line population and analysed using a single-step procedure combining the additive relationship matrix and the genomic relationship matrix (G). G was scaled using allele frequencies from each line, the multi-line population, or 0.5. When allele frequencies were calculated from each line, distributions of diagonal elements were bimodal. When allele frequencies were calculated from the multi-line population, the distribution of diagonal elements had one peak. When allele frequency 0.5 was used, the distribution was bimodal. Genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) were predicted using each allele frequency. GEBVs differed with allele frequency but had ≥ 0.99 correlations with GEBVs predicted with correct allele frequencies. Means of each line and differences in mean between the lines differed based on allele frequencies. Assumed allele frequencies have little impact on ranking within line but larger impact on ranking across lines. G may be used to evaluate multiple populations simultaneously but must be adjusted to obtain properly scaled estimates when population structure is unknown.     

P-糖蛋白与兽医用药

 P-糖蛋白是ABCB1基因的产物,存在于许多组织中,能够有效地排除底物药物,限制许多底物药物进入中枢神经系统及其口服吸收、加速排泄过程。论文综述了P-糖蛋白对药物分布、肠道药物吸收、胆汁和肾药物排泄、犬恶丝虫预防用药中的作用,与血脑屏障的关系,介绍了病畜ABCB１基因型的临床评定及P-糖蛋白与药物的相互作用,为兽药的临床应用提供参考。     

曲线连续箱梁桥支座设置的比较

以实际工程为例,对采用MIDAS空间梁单元小半径曲线梁桥支座的布置进行计算和比较分析,并通过掌握小半径曲线梁桥支座受力特点,从而确定出适合该桥的支座布置形式。     

Belangrike ongewingsfaktore wat die natuurlike verspreiding van schmidtia kalahariensis stent en enneapogon cenchroides (licht) c. e. hubbard (e. mollis lehm) in Suidwes‐Afrika beïnvloed 1

Die resultate van ‘n studie van die reaksie van twee belangrike eenjarige weidingsgrasse van Suidwes‐Afrika, Schmidtia kalahariensis en Enneapogon cenchroides, teenoor verskillende omgewingsfaktore word gerapporteer. Verskille tussen die twee spesies ten opsigte van ligenergievereistes, lengte van die lewensiklus, voedingsbehoeftes, smaaklikheid (veroorsaak deur suurafskeidmg) en ontkiemingseienskappe is uitgewys. Dit is moontlik om hierdie verskille in verband te bring met die natuurlike verspreiding van die twee spesies.     

A design for studies on cognitive bias in the domestic pig

Studies on consequences of affect on cognitive processing (cognitive bias) seem to provide proxy measures of the valence (positive/negative) of affective states. This article presents a pilot study testing a design for studies of judgment bias we adapted to the specific needs and abilities of domestic pigs. We used a spatial judgment paradigm, in which subjects learned to discriminate a food rewarded from an unrewarded position of a goal box during a training period, and then were tested for their responses to 3 equidistant intermediate probe positions during a testing period. After the training period, half of the subjects were repeatedly isolated from their social group to manipulate their affective state. Subjects learned the required discrimination task (positive vs. negative stimulus) and showed consistent differences in approach latencies toward and exploration of stimuli of different valence. Hence, the subjects' expectations could be inferred from their behavior. However, repeated social isolation had no effect on judgment of ambiguous stimuli and on both basal and test-related cortisol levels. In conclusion, the spatial judgment approach seems to provide a useful tool to detect and discriminate diverse affective states in domestic pigs based on their responses to graded ambiguous stimuli.     

7种昆虫质型多角体病毒基因组密码对的使用模式分析

质型多角体病毒(cypoviruses,CPV)是昆虫常见病原微生物。采用生物信息学方法对7种昆虫CPV基因组编码序列进行密码对使用模式分析,探究昆虫CPV基因组特征。分析结果表明:昆虫CPV基因组中密码对的使用是非随机的,密码对组合NNA→ANN、NNG→GNN、NNU→CNN、NNU→UNN中的多数密码对是CPV负偏好性密码对,密码对组合NNA→CNN、NNA→UNN、NNG→CNN、NNU→GNN中的多数密码对是CPV正偏好性密码对;残值最高的10个密码对与残值最低的10个密码对中有4个共用密码子(AAA、AAG、GAU、UAU),进一步说明密码对使用的偏好性;不同CPV间的基因组密码对使用偏好性程度相近,但极端偏好性密码对种类不同。同一电泳型CPV在聚类分析中的距离较近,说明同一电泳型CPV的基因组密码对使用模式相似,并且系统发育分析结果与基于密码对使用模式的聚类分析结果一致,说明CPV基因组密码对使用模式分析可用于研究其基因组进化。昆虫CPV基因组密码对使用具有偏好性,这种偏好性是其基因组特征的一种表现。     

Evaluation of Breeding Value and Selection of Bull Dams in the Danish Dairy Breeds: I. Studies on Realized Efficiency of Bull Dam and Bull Sire Selection

Abstract

The relationship between twice the adjusted daughter yield deviation (DYD) of the son and the average of the estimated breeding values (EBV) of his parents was investigated for milk and fat yield. Deviations from expectations of DYD minus the pedigree index and the regression of DYD on the EBV for each of the parents were estimated. The EBV of each bull dam was calculated in several ways using different combinations of pedigree information and their own records. In all, 1693 bulls (880 Black and White (BW), 418 Red Danish (RD) and 395 Danish Jersey (DJ)) with Direct Updating indices for milk and fat yield were included in the investigation. Mean discrepancies between estimated and observed genetic merit for kg of milk yield were ?348 for BW, ?213 for RD and ?228 for DJ, when all of the bull dams' individual records were utilized in breeding value estimation. The corresponding mean discrepancies for kg of fat yield were ?14.7, ?11.5 and ?11.9, respectively. The discrepancies were positively correlated with the number of lactation records included in the dams' EBVs. Regression coefficients of bull DYDs on bull dam breeding values were significantly lower than expected for RD and BW regardless of the number of individual lactation records included in the dams' indexes for milk and fat yield. For all three breeds, the regression coefficients were lowest for fat yield. The most probable cause of overestimation in bull dam EBVs is preferential treatment, particularly in second and later lactations. To avoid this bias, estimation of a bull dam's breeding value should be based on pedigree information and on records from only her first lactation.     

米黑根毛霉脂肪酶基因密码子优化及重叠延伸PCR合成

[目的]对米黑根毛霉脂肪酶基因的密码子进行优化,并采用重叠延伸PCR合成设计的基因序列。[方法]根据毕赤酵母(Pichiapastoris)密码子使用偏好性,对米黑根毛霉脂肪酶成熟肽基因进行全面密码子优化,根据优化后的氨基酸编码序列设计合成30条长度约为48 bp的寡核苷酸片段,并采用重叠延伸PCR法扩增合成全长基因序列。[结果]经凝胶电泳和酶切鉴定、测序分析表明,合成的目的基因与设计的序列相一致。[结论]该研究为脂肪酶基因在毕赤酵母中的构建及后续表达奠定了基础。     

脑心肌炎病毒多聚蛋白编码区起始与终止区的密码子使用模式简

文中利用特定区域密码子使用偏嗜性对数公式分析了脑心肌炎病毒（Encephalomyocarditis virus,EMCV）多聚蛋白编码基因的翻译起始区域与翻译终止区域的密码子使用模式.结果表明,EMCV多聚蛋白编码区内翻译起始序列区的同义密码子使用偏嗜性的正负偏差总体是平衡的,但几种在整体多聚蛋白质编码区域内使用为负偏嗜的稀有密码子却倾向于出现于编码起始区和终止区.这一有趣的现象,可利用“稀有密码子调控假说”来解释为EMCV开放阅读框两端的稀有密码子偏好性使用对整体阅读框的表达具有负调控作用.该研究说明“稀有密码子调控假说”不仅适用于细菌,而且也适用于一些RNA病毒基因组.