基于指数和法和极限条件法的矿区土地适宜性评价——以孟家窑煤矿为例

对矿区复垦土地适宜性评价是进行土地复垦工作的重要内容之一,也是土地复垦研究的基础。以山西省宁武县孟家窑煤矿为例,对该矿拟损毁土地进行适宜性评价,结合土地利用现状数据库、地形地貌、土壤图等相关资料,从损毁程度、有效土层厚度、地形坡度、有机质等因素对矿区损毁土地进行适宜性评价,运用层次分析法对选取的指标赋予相应的权重,采用极限条件法和指数和法相结合的评价方法将研究区的复垦土地划分为宜农用地、宜林用地、宜草用地,根据评价的结果,将各适宜地类划分为一等、二等、三等地类。其中,宜农一等地面积为134.41hm2、宜林一等地面积37.78hm2、宜草一等地面积96.34hm2。     

气化渣-秸秆营养穴盘制备材料的筛选研究

为筛选出制备气化渣-秸秆营养穴盘的最优材料配比,实现气化渣、秸秆等固废资源化利用,本研究以谷子秸秆为强化材料,以气化渣为主要填充材料,在热压条件下制备不同质量配比的穴盘坯块,通过坯块的吸水与保水性、抗崩解、抗振荡试验分别探索营养穴盘应用过程中为植物供水的能力、抗浸泡性能、抵抗振荡性能。结果表明：谷子秸秆添加与坯块的吸水倍数、保水率以及崩解残留率均呈显著正相关关系,其添加为营养穴盘的吸水保水性与抗崩解能力提供了保障。添加到营养穴盘中的气化渣过多反而会降低穴盘的吸水、保水性能,导致穴盘抵抗振荡的能力变弱,因此,气化渣的添加量需要控制在一定范围内。综合分析营养穴盘的供水能力、抗浸泡性能、抵抗振荡性能可知,营养穴盘制备材料最优配比为秸秆在固体混合材料(秸秆+气化渣+黏土)中的占比为70%、气化渣在填充材料(气化渣+黏土)中的占比为60%。     

接种丛枝菌根对复垦矿区玉米中重金属含量的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,研究了不同培养基质条件(10cm土5cm尾矿、8cm土7cm尾矿、5cm土10cm尾矿)下,接种丛枝菌根真菌和不接种菌根(对照)两种处理对玉米的生物量及植株对重金属元素吸收的影响。结果表明,无论接种与否,植株的生物量都随覆土厚度增大而增大;接种菌根处理中,植株地上部Cr、Cd、Pb等重金属元素的含量比对照处理均有明显降低。植株地上部Pb、Zn、Cu等元素的带走量,接种菌根处理的植株均比其相应的对照处理明显增多,而植株没有表现出受害症状,表明接种菌根可以显著提高玉米植株地上部对重金属的抵抗作用。接种菌根处理的植株中Cd、Cr、Pb、Zn的带走总量均高于对照处理,但因它们绝大部分结合在根部,向植株地上部分的转运受到抑制,而减轻了对人畜的危害。     

青海江仓圣雄煤矿矸石堆积对周边高寒湿地植被和土壤影响

针对高寒地区露天煤矿开采产生的煤矸石堆积对多年冻土区高寒湿地的影响问题,本文通过地面调查、取样比较,研究分析了矿区周边高寒湿地植被和土壤特征对煤矸石渣山堆积的响应。结果表明,矿区煤矸石堆积的4年时间已经对周边近、中、远不同距离(300m,650m,1000m)高寒湿地植被和土壤产生了一定程度的影响,引起原生莎草类盖度和高度减小,靠近煤矸石渣山区域的牧草高度降低,中距离杂草平均高度比近距离高2.65cm。矸石堆积造成周围土壤容重增加,全氮和有机质含量逐渐减少,远距离0-10 cm土层全氮和有机质平均含量分别是近距离的1.16和1.20倍。高寒湿地土壤真菌和放线菌数量减少, 0-10cm土层近距离样区真菌数量仅为中距离的51.8 %,中距离样区放线菌数量分别是近距离和远距离的4.32和3.4倍。除锌元素和镉元素以外,煤矸石堆积没有显著影响土壤砷、铬、镍、铜、汞、铅等6种重金属元素含量。随机森林算法分析表明,杂草类高度,Zn元素含量,土壤容重、莎草盖度、有机质含量是煤矸石堆积对周围高寒湿地影响的主要因子。     

Tardigrade species composition in young soils and some aspects on life history of Macrobiotus richtersi J. Murray, 1911

In an afforested coal-mining site at Berzdorf, Germany, the soil tardigrade community was investigated. Tardigrade densities ranged from 300 to 33,600 individuals m⁻². Tardigrade distribution was very aggregated with standard deviations of up to 220% of mean densities. Fourteen species belonging to five eutardigrade genera were identified. Soils were dominated by the carnivorous tardigrade Macrobiotus richtersi that contributed 60% of overall densities. A comparison between nine soils of different forest ages (4–46 years) and tree species (poplar, alder, pine, mixed deciduous and mixed coniferous) showed no relationship of tardigrade species distribution and abundance to tree species, thickness of organic or litter layer, humus form, pH or soil moisture. Further, no correlation between nematode biomass and Macrobiotus richtersi abundances were detected. The age of afforested soils, however, affected tardigrade densities: younger soils (7–17 years) yielded higher tardigrade numbers compared to 46-year-old sites.Life history investigations on a strain of parthenogenetic Macrobiotus richtersi demonstrated a significant influence of temperature on egg development, survival rate, body growth and generation time. Hatching, first to fourth molts and maturing, on the other hand, were dependent upon body size alone. The simple, new culture method for carnivorous tardigrades described has successfully been utilized for parthenogenetic Macrobiotus richtersi for 6 years.     

粉煤灰对污染土壤中铜镉的稳定化

采用批衡量吸附和室内培养实验,考察了粉煤灰对Cu和Cd的吸附等温线及0.2%、0.5%、1%和2%用量的粉煤灰对土壤pH、有效态Cu和Cd、以及5种化学形态Cu和Cd分布的影响。结果表明:粉煤灰对Cu和Cd的吸附等温线均可以用Langmuir和Freundlich方程进行拟合,其对Cu的最大吸附量(9.90 mg/g)高于对Cd的最大吸附量(9.43 mg/g)。随着粉煤灰用量的增加,土壤pH显著增加,有效态Cu和Cd显著降低。同时,粉煤灰处理显著降低了离子交换态Cu和Cd含量,增加了铁锰氧化物结合态Cu和Cd含量,降低了Cu和Cd活性,使活性态Cu和Cd逐渐向潜在活性态和非活性态转化。其中培养60天后,2%处理的粉煤灰处理较对照pH提高了0.44个单位,离子交换态Cu和Cd分别降低了35.7%和35.9%。因此,粉煤灰能够有效吸附Cu和Cd,显著降低土壤有效态和离子交换态Cu和Cd的含量,在重金属稳定化修复应用中具有较好的应用前景。     

煤矸石自然风化及人工模拟风化过程中盐分及pH值的动态变化——以平朔露天矿区为例

为揭示煤矸石初期物理崩解风化过程中盐分和pH值的动态变化规律,选择了山西平朔露天矿区17处暴露地表自然风化5年和14年粒径为0.1～10.0mm的风化煤矸石,以及经过人工破碎粒径也为0.1～10.0mm的新鲜煤矸石为对比材料。研究结果表明:自然风化14年左右的煤矸石全盐量高于风化5年左右的煤矸石。自然风化煤矸石pH值的变化幅度为6.55～9.20,人工破碎新鲜煤矸石的pH值为7.26～7.95。人工破碎新鲜煤矸石30min、48h、96h浸水试验结果表明,同一浸泡时间含盐量随着粒径缩小而升高,同一粒径随着浸泡时间的延长而变大;同一浸泡时间pH值随着粒径缩小而降低,同一粒径随着浸泡时间的延长也变大;风化煤矸石的pH值和全盐含量>新鲜煤矸石。     

Variation and Covariation of Milling- and Baking-quality Characteristics among Winter Rye Single-cross Hybrids

Components of variation for, and genetic correlations among, measures of milling and baking quality were estimated for 38 winter rye single-crosses sown in three environments. Samples of grain were indirectly evaluated for baking quality via Falling Number and Amylograph tests whereas direct Assessments of baking quality and milling yield were obtained from standardised Sourdough Baking tests and total flour release determinations, respectively. Estimates of genetic variation were large and highly significant (P < 0.01) for all traits whereas those of genotype × environment interactions were much smaller and often non-significant. Broad-sense heritability estimates were very high, ranging from 0.64 to 0.96. Crumb elasticity, the most important direct measure of baking quality, was significantly correlated with falling number (r_g= 0.43) and Amylograph temperature at maximum viscosity (r^g= 0.55). The dough yield, loaf volume and total flour release, however, showed no relation with the indirect measures of baking quality. The crumb elasticity was correlated positively with flour release but negatively with dough yield and loaf volume. Selection for high falling number would be an effective indirect method of increasing crumb elasticity. Enhancement of the other baking and milling characteristics would require direct measurements of the respective traits.     

不同地点和复垦方式煤矸石山土壤中丛枝菌根真菌群落变化

以山西省大同市晋华宫人工复垦和自然恢复煤矸石山以及忻州窑自然恢复煤矸石山为研究对象,采用IlluminaMiSeq高通量测序技术对三座煤矸石山土壤AM真菌群落组成进行分析,并测定其土壤理化性质,以探究不同地点煤矸石山不同复垦方式下土壤中丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AM真菌）群落组成的差异及其土壤影响因子。结果表明：晋华宫人工复垦煤矸石山和忻州窑自然恢复煤矸石山AM真菌多样性指数（Chao指数和香农-威纳指数）存在显著差异,但晋华宫人工复垦和自然恢复煤矸石山AM真菌群落的多样性指数差异不显著。试验共检测到67个AM真菌OTUs,可鉴定到3个AM真菌属级分类单元,其中球囊霉属（Glomus）在晋华宫人工复垦煤矸石山、晋华宫自然恢复煤矸石山和忻州窑自然恢复煤矸石山中均为最优势菌,多样孢囊霉属（Diversispora）、类球囊霉属（Paraglomus）仅出现在晋华宫自然恢复煤矸石山。多元置换方差分析和多维尺度分析结果表明,晋华宫两种恢复方式的煤矸石山之间AM真菌群落组成差异不显著,而晋华宫与忻州窑两个地点的煤矸石山AM真菌群落组成差异显著。AM...     

铅锌矿尾矿坝分离节杆菌12-1对Pb~(2+)的耐受和吸附性能研究

当前铅资源的粗放式开采和使用对环境造成了严重的污染。利用微生物修复铅污染具有费用低、易操作、环境友好等优点,在水体和土壤铅污染治理中具有很好的应用前景。为了了解微生物对铅的吸附特性,本研究从铅锌矿尾矿坝分离到的一株耐铅节杆菌(Arthrobacter sp.)12-1(Gen Bank登录号:KM362724),并研究其对铅的吸附过程和作用机制。研究耐铅节杆菌12-1在含不同Pb2+浓度LB培养基中的生长情况表明,其最高可耐受800 mg/L Pb2+。在水溶液中,经24 h吸附,耐铅节杆菌12-1可将Pb2+浓度从105 mg/L降至2.17 mg/L,吸附率为97.93%。显微成像(原子力显微镜,扫描电镜)观察和能谱分析表明,耐铅节杆菌12-1吸附铅后在细胞表面形成含铅的矿物。傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)分析表明,耐铅节杆菌12-1细胞上的羧基、酰胺和磷酸基团可能参与了铅的吸附和固定过程。以上结果表明,从铅锌矿尾矿坝分离到的耐铅节杆菌12-1对铅具有较好的耐受和吸附能力,显示其在铅污染环境修复中具有潜在的应用前景。本研究为细菌修复铅污染环境的实践提供了理论基础。