Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analysis of lignin-derived products from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cryptomeria japonica</Emphasis> treated in supercritical water

Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) wood was treated with supercritical water (374°C, 22.1MPa), and fractionated into the water-soluble portion, the methanol-soluble portion, and the methanol-insoluble residue. The methanol-soluble portion mainly consisted of the lignin-derived products. To characterize the compounds in the methanol-soluble portion, gel permeation chromatographic (GPC) and gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) analyses were performed. The GPC analysis indicated that the methanol-soluble portion contained lignin-derived monomeric and dimeric products. GC-MS analysis detected 31 products which were expected to be monomeric compounds, and 18 of these were identified to be guaiacol, methylguaiacol, ethylguaiacol, vinylguaiacol, eugenol, propylguaiacol, vanillin, cis-isoeugenol, homovanillin, trans-isoeugenol, acetoguaiacone, propioguaiacone, guaiacylacetone, 2-methoxy-4-(1-hydroxypropyl)phenol, homovanillic acid, 2-methoxy-4-(prop-1-en-3-one)phenol, coniferyl aldehyde, and ferulic acid. In addition, 22 dimeric products were detected, and 4 of these were believed to be compounds with biphenyl type (5-5), diphenylethane type (-1), stilbene type (-1), and phenylcoumaran type (-5) structures. These results clearly indicated that the methanol-soluble portion included various monomeric and dimeric compounds produced as a result of the cleavage of ether linkages and propyl chains of lignin.     

菊楂决明饮单煎和共煎对化学成分及抗氧化活性的影响

目的：考察菊楂决明饮中山楂、决明子（炒决明子）、菊花配伍单煎液与共煎液的化学成分及抗氧化活性差异。方法：采用紫外分光光度法测定总黄酮、总蒽醌的含量;采用酸碱滴定法测定总酸的含量;采用HPLC法测定山楂酸、大黄酚、橙黄决明素、绿原酸、木犀草苷、3,5-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸的含量。结果：山楂单煎液的总黄酮含量为 {1.63% }、总酸含量为5.44%、山楂酸含量为2.37%、对DPPH自由基的清除率为46.49%;决明子单煎液的总黄酮含量为0.54%、总蒽醌含量为0.27%、大黄酚含量为0.14%、橙黄决明素含量为 {0.52% }、对DPPH自由基的清除率为3.53%;炒决明子单煎液的总黄酮含量为0.52%、总蒽醌含量为0.29%、大黄酚含量为0.22%、橙黄决明素含量为0.56%、对DPPH自由基的清除率为25.07%;菊花单煎液的总黄酮含量为1.65%、绿原酸含量为 {0.99% }、木犀草苷含量为 {0.30% }、3,5-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸含量为2.65%、对DPPH自由基的清除率为45.89%;山楂、决明子、菊花共煎液总黄酮含量为2.62%、总酸含量为 {4.12% }、总蒽醌含量为0.25%、山楂酸含量为1.25%、大黄酚含量为0.16%、橙黄决明素含量为0.56%、绿原酸含量为 {3.01% }、木犀草苷含量为0.48%、3,5-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸含量为3.97%、对DPPH自由基的清除率为25.92%;山楂、炒决明子、菊花共煎液总黄酮含量为2.56%、总酸含量为 {3.94% }、总蒽醌含量为0.24%、山楂酸含量为0.43%、大黄酚含量为0.33%、橙黄决明素含量为1.00%、绿原酸含量为4.12%、木犀草苷含量为 {0.60% }、3,5-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸含量为4.74%、对DPPH自由基的清除率为44.51%。结论：山楂、决明子、菊花共煎后,与单煎液相比,总黄酮、大黄酚、橙黄决明素、绿原酸、木犀草苷、3,5-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸含量均升高;总酸、总蒽醌、山楂酸含量都有不同程度降低,对DPPH自由基清除率与单煎液相当。     

温室辣椒化肥农药减施健康栽培技术

温室辣椒生产用肥量大,施药频繁,导致化肥农药投入过量,为减少化肥农药用量,通过示范推广集约化育苗、增施有机肥、基肥旋耕深施、土壤处理、病虫害绿色防控等关键健康栽培技术,提高温室辣椒品质。     

化学调控对干旱后棉花冠层时空分布及产量的影响

为探究干旱后棉花化学调控增产稳产的可行性,通过模拟田间干旱,采用裂区设计,探究化学调控下干旱后棉花冠层时空分布及产量变化。主区设置人工打顶与化学封顶,副区设置干旱后复水3 d、6 d、9 d喷施低量缩节胺及空白对照。结果表明:喷施缩节胺显著提高棉花籽棉产量、叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、冠层中上部比叶重及各部位平均叶簇倾角和散射辐射透过系数(TC),显著降低冠层下部、上部叶面积指数,并随喷施时间的提前效果更显著。化学封顶显著增加冠层中下部比叶重、下部叶面积指数、上部叶面积指数及各部位TC。干旱后复水6 d喷施缩节胺,采用化学封顶,棉花SPAD值和比叶重较高,叶面积指数分布均匀,叶片保持直立,冠层整体通风良好,棉花产量最高。     

不同叶面肥对烤烟农艺性状的影响

本试验以云烟87为材料,研究叶面肥烟白金和锌铜大师施用效果。结果表明：与常规肥相比,烟白金对生育期、农艺性状、化学品质影响不大,使烟叶品质有提升,但能增加中上等烟叶比例和产值,中上等烟比例增加了6.82%,产值增加了447.27元/亩;锌铜大师对农艺性状有一定影响,增加了产量,但产值较低,不建议使用。     

Alcohol diluent provides the optimal formulation for calcium chloride non-surgical sterilization in dogs

Background

Surgical castration is widely used to sterilize male dogs, but has significant impacts on time to perform the operation, recovery of the animals as well as cost, which can limit population control programs. Previous research has shown intratesticular injection of calcium chloride dihydrate (CaCl₂) in saline to be a promising alternative to surgery. However, long-term azoospermia was not maintained at dosages low enough to avoid side effects. In the search for an optimized formulation, the current investigation is the first study on long-term sterilization effects of intratesticular injection of CaCl₂ in either lidocaine solution or alcohol in dogs. CaCl₂ at 20% concentration in lidocaine solution or alcohol was administered via intratesticular injection to groups of 21 dogs each. The treated animals were examined at 2, 6, and 12 months for sperm production, blood levels of testosterone, and side effects; at time zero and 12 months for testicular size and semen volume. The experimentally treated animals were compared to a control group receiving saline injection only.

Results

Testicles of dogs treated with CaCl₂ in either diluent significantly decreased in size. After administration of CaCl₂ in lidocaine solution, sterility was achieved for at least 12 months in 75% of treated dogs. However, optimal long-term contraceptive effectiveness was achieved with CaCl₂ in alcohol, which resulted in azoospermia over the 12-month study period. Testosterone levels significantly decreased following treatment with CaCl₂, and sexual activity disappeared. Although testosterone returned to baseline levels by 12 months for the group treated with CaCl₂ in lidocaine, dogs injected with CaCl₂ in alcohol had a 63.6% drop in testosterone level, which remained at the low end of physiological range throughout the study. No adverse effects were noted.

Conclusions

A single, bilateral intratesticular injection of 20% CaCl₂ in 95% ethanol was a reliable method for induction of sterilization in 18–28 kg male dogs in this study. The approach showed long-term efficacy and reduced sexual behavior. This chemical method of sterilization might provide an effective, efficient alternative to surgical castration that can have positive impacts on dog welfare.     

喜马拉雅紫茉莉正丁醇提取物的化学成分

对喜马拉雅紫茉莉(Mirabilis himalaica)正丁醇提取物进行研究,利用反相硅胶柱色谱、Sephedex LH-20、半制备HPLC进行分离,通过理化性质和UV、IR、MS、1 H-NMR和13 C-NMR等方法进行结构鉴定,分离鉴定5个化合物,分别为:腺苷(1),色氨酸(2),1-甲基-1,2,3,4-四氢-β-咔啉-3-羧酸(3),6′-O-(E)-feruloylsucrose(4),丁香树脂酚单-β-D-葡萄糖苷(5),化合物1~4均为首次从该植物中得到,通过还原力和DPPH自由基清除能力试验表明,化合物2、4、5仅有较弱的抗氧化能力。     

化学感觉和机械感觉与鱼类摄食行为关系的研究进展

鱼类的摄食行为是多种感觉器官共同作用的结果。然而,不同生态习性的鱼类在摄食行为中起主导作用的感觉器官是不同的。对于底层活动、夜间活动、深水活动的鱼类,由于生存环境光线较弱,非视觉器官,如化学感觉器官、电觉器官和侧线机械感觉器官等在摄食行为中具有更为重要的作用。根据近年来国内外的研究成果,本文综述了化学感觉和机械感觉与鱼类摄食行为关系的研究进展。重点阐述了嗅觉化学感觉和侧线机械感觉在鱼类捕食行为中的作用。     

不同热解温度对生物质炭化学性质的影响

本实验以杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)和木荷(Schima superba)的凋落物为研究材料,选择不同热解温度(250、350、450、550、650和750℃)分别制备生物质炭,研究不同热解温度以及不同材料对生物质炭化学性质的影响。结果表明,生物质炭的含碳量、C/N比和灰分随热解温度的升高而呈增加趋势,但可溶性碳含量和挥发性物质则随温度的升高而呈现下降的变化。2种材料制备的生物质炭的pH值介于5.96~11.93之间。回归分析发现,2种类型生物质炭,挥发性物质与热解温度呈现了极显著的线性关系(p0.01)。统计分析表明,在相同温度条件下,由杉木和木荷凋落物制备的生物质炭,其灰分、含碳量以及挥发性物质,差异并不显著;但含氮量、C/N比和可溶性碳含量,差异则达到了显著水平(p0.05)。     

矿物质有机肥与化肥配施对甘肃河西绿灌区玉米产量构成的影响

在甘肃省河西绿洲灌区通过大田试验,研究矿物质有机肥与化肥配施对玉米产量构成的影响。结果表明,配施矿物质有机肥可以显著提高玉米的生物产量、子粒产量及肥料贡献率。与当前施肥水平比较,玉米在配施矿物质有机肥750 kg/hm²的条件下,化肥不减量和减量15%生物产量分别为38 647、36 869 kg/hm²,比单施化肥处理增产7.61%和2.66%;子粒产量分别为16 544、15 783 kg/hm²,增产7.56%、2.48%;肥料对生物产量贡献率分别为56.26%和49.07%,比单施化肥处理提高11.05和3.87个百分点,表明在配施矿物质有机肥750 kg/hm²的前提下,将氮、磷化肥施用量在当前水平上减量15%可以保证玉米子粒产量稳定在高产水平。