2-(4-羟基苯氧基)-6-氯-喹喔啉的合成新方法

以2,6-二氯喹喔啉、对苯二酚、液碱为原料,优化操作过程,于三元体系中合成2-(4-羟基苯氧基)-6-氯喹喔啉,收率达到96％以上.     

Effects of Rice Husk Ash and Bagasse Ash on Phosphorus Adsorption and Desorption in an Alkaline Soil under Wheat–Rice System

Rice husk ash (RHA) and bagasse ash (BA) are available in large quantities in South Asian countries growing rice and sugarcane. Land application of RHA and BA is likely to influence chemistry of soil phosphorus (P) and thereby P adsorption and desorption. Laboratory studies were carried out to investigate the short-term and long-term effects of RHA and BA application on P adsorption and desorption in an alkaline soil under a wheat–rice system. Addition of RHA or BA (10 Mg ha^?1) resulted in a significant decrease in P adsorption compared to the control. The decrease in P adsorption was lower when RHA and BA were applied to either rice or wheat as compared with when applied to both the crops. The BA was more effective in reducing P adsorption than RHA because of its greater P concentration. Fresh addition of RHA and BA at 1% (dry-weight basis) showed a small effect on P adsorption as compared to their long-term application. The Frendulich isotherm equation gave better fit with the experimental data than the Langmuir equation and is reliable to describe the P quantity/intensity relationships of this soil as affected by the additions of RHA and BA. The P-adsorption capacities (revealed from the Langmuir isotherms) of the unamended control, RHA, and BA (applied to both wheat and rice) were 256, 313, and 385 mg kg^?1, respectively; the corresponding bonding energies for the three treatments are 0.0085, 0.0041, and 0.0026 L kg^?1, respectively. Desorption of P was minimum in the control plots and maximum with BA followed by RHA, especially when applied to both the crops.     

A comparison of the effectiveness of various extractants for determining humus quality in a calcareous soil

Abstract

Humic substances from an Argentinian chesnut (Mollisol) soil were extracted with Na‐Dowex A‐1 resin, 0.1 N NaOH and 0.1 M Na₄P₂O₇ without decalcification and with 0.1 N NaOH after decalcification. Humic to fulvic (Ch/Cf) acid and E₄/E₆ ratios of the extracts were determined and compared.

A simpler and more rapid procedure than the classical ones for extracting and characterizing soil humus is proposed. The procedure is based on the use of a chelating resin as extractant and on the direct determination of analytical properties of humus in aliquots of the extract.     

Tolerance of rice plants to trace metals

Abstract

The tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L. C.V. Earlirose) to various trace metal excesses was tested to determine if high levels of the trace metals found in some field‐grown plants were at toxicity levels. In one experiment, levels of 2200 μg Zn/g dry weight, 44 μg Cu/g dry weight, 4400 μg Mn/g dry weight, and 32 μg Pb/g dry weight in shoots of young plants had no adverse effects on vegetative yields. A level of 3160μgZn/ g dry weight decreased yields about 40% (P = . 05). In another test 51 μg Cu/g dry weight or 94 μg Pb/g dry weight did not decrease vegetative yields. Boron supplied at 10^‐3 MH₃BO₃ not only caused no toxicity but resulted in only 144 μg B/g dry weight in shoots. Root levels of Zn were about equal to those in shoots; Mn levels were lower in roots than in shoots (1/4 to 1/10); B levels were generally low in both shoots and roots with roots 1/10 that of shoots; Cu levels were higher in roots than in shoots. Rice was tolerant of a high level of Cr. The tolerance of rice to high levels of some trace metals in these experiments may be related to high P levels in plants.     

小麦生理型与遗传型雄性不育相关基因锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn-SOD)及果糖1,6-二磷酸醛缩酶(FBA)的表达分析

锰超氧化物歧化酶(Mn-SOD)是一种重要的抗氧化剂,果糖1,6-二磷酸醛缩酶(FBA)是叶绿体光合碳化阶段起重要调节作用的关键酶.本研究以小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)生理型与遗传型等基因雄性不育系及其对应育性正常的保持系为材料,选取花粉小孢子发育各时期的花药及三核期子房,对供试材料花药全蛋白表达差异研究的基础上,对雄性不育相关基因(Mn-SOD)及FBA进行核酸水平的实时荧光定量PCR分析,结果发现,与可育保持系相比,(1)生理型雄性不育系Mn-SOD基因在幼穗期、单核期和三核期表达量显著下调,而酶活力在幼穗期上调,在单核期下调;遗传型雄性不育系Mn-SOD基因在幼穗期和单核期表达量下调,酶活力在幼穗期上调,在二核期下调.(2)生理型雄性不育系和遗传型雄性不育系FBA基因表达量在幼穗期和单核期均下调,而对应同时期的FBA酶活力也下调,而遗传型不育系FBA基因在三核期表达量和FBA酶活力均上调.(3)Mn-SOD和FBA在遗传型雄性不育系三核期子房和花药中表达量均高于生理型雄性不育系和正常可育系,而在生理型雄性不育系花药中,Mn-SOD表达量明显低于对照可育系,在子房中其表达量略高于正常可育系.基因表达具有组织特异性,其蛋白表达较基因表达具有一定滞后性.Mn-SOD基因过量表达(单核至二核期),从而清除花药代谢紊乱产生的过多的活性氧,维持细胞正常功能;而花粉败育(生理型和遗传型雄性不育)导致花药失去活力,从而使花药叶绿体光合能力下降,FBA下调表达.研究结果提示,不同发育时期FBA及Mn-SOD酶活力变化与基因表达水平相一致,且这两个指标的变化直接或间接的影响了小麦花药的育性程度.     

6S辐射校正与像元分解结合提高苹果树花期冠层反射率反演精度

为了获取近似真实的苹果树冠层反射率,该文以山东省栖霞市为研究区,应用DEM数据和6S辐射传输模型,对苹果树花期TM影像进行辐射校正、混合像元分解,获取26个果园苹果树冠层反演反射率,将反演结果与相同时段地面实测冠层反射率以及表观反射率、表观—像元分解反射率进行比较,分析了反演效果及精度。结果表明,地表反演反射率有效减弱了地形和大气的影响,恢复了阴影处的地物,影像清晰度明显提高;苹果树冠层反演反射率样本平均值误差较表观、表观—像元分解、地表反演3类反射率小,与实测值的相关系数提高,而且样本间变化趋势与实测值基本一致。此反演方法具有一定可行性,对于苹果树冠层反射率和苹果园管理基础数据获取与应用具有积极意义,也可为其他农业遥感反演研究及应用提供借鉴。     

播种方式对稻茬小麦生长发育及产量建成的影响

目前稻茬麦机播面积不断扩大,为研究播种方式转变对小麦播种出苗、生长发育与产量建成的影响,2009-2012年,在成都平原稻茬麦区开展撒播(免耕+人工撒种+人工覆盖稻草)与机播(免耕+稻草粉碎覆盖+2BMFDC-6型播种机播种)比较试验。结果表明,机播处理的播种效率、出苗率、麦苗均匀度,以及中前期的个体与群体质量均显著高于撒播处理。但到了生育后期,机播小麦的个体与群体质量反而不及撒播小麦,进而影响穗部性状。机播小麦开花期干物质积累量和叶面积指数的年均值较撒播小麦低1.8%、8.9%,成熟期单穗结实小穗数和穗粒数较撒播处理低4.2%、3.5%,但千粒质量较撒播高4.9%,籽粒产量则基本相当。机播小麦开花期耕层土壤的速效氮含量较撒播处理低7.8%,植株全氮含量低19.4%。增施氮肥后,机播小麦个体和群体质量得到改善,增产趋势明显。表明,2BMFDC-6型机播有利于提高稻茬小麦播种效率和质量,但需要适当提高施氮水平以提高中后期个体与群体质量,进而实现高产。研究结果可为稻茬小麦高产高效栽培技术的熟化完善提供理论和技术依据。     

不同浓度细胞分裂素对甜菜种子引发的影响

为了测定不同浓度细胞分裂素6-BA的引发剂对甜菜种子引发的效果,为甜菜种子包衣剂物料筛选提供依据,本研究以TD802甜菜种子为试验材料,设置3种浓度和3个时间梯度的9个处理,通过对甜菜种子浸泡回干发芽培养,测定它们的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数以及活力指数。结果显示,0.1%6-BA处理甜菜种子在8、12、24 h时的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均较高于对照种子;0.5%6-BA不同时间处理甜菜种子,处理时间8 h和12 h的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数都高于对照;1%6-BA只有处理甜菜种子12 h时的发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数高于对照。不同浓度细胞分裂素6-BA对甜菜种子的萌发随着时间不同,效果也各有不同。处理时间过长或过短都会影响引发效果。     

生根剂GGR-6对紫羊茅和草地早熟禾响应干旱胁迫的影响

为了明确生根剂GGR-6对植物生长与抗旱性的生理作用,以2种优质草坪草-紫羊茅‘梦神’(Festuca rubra ‘Rubra’)、草地早熟禾‘优异’(Poa pratensis ‘Merit’)为供试材料,通过控水的处理方法,分别在播种后不同时期,用不同浓度的GGR-6对2种草坪草进行浇灌。结果表明：随着干旱胁迫的进行,紫羊茅和早熟禾的抗氧化酶活性呈现先增加后降低的趋势,同时游离脯氨酸含量增加,以维持渗透平衡,叶片MDA含量保持在较低的水平。早熟禾的抗旱能力高于紫羊茅。浇灌GGR-6对2种草坪草幼苗的生长有明显的促进作用,并可以提高其抗旱能力。其中,紫羊茅于播种后1周浇灌低浓度(0.1 g/L、0.2 g/L)的GGR-6效果较好;早熟禾于播种2周后浇灌低浓度(0.1 g/L、0.2 g/L)的GGR-6,播种3周后浇灌高浓度(0.3 g/L)的GGR-6效果较好。研究结果证实GGR-6对提高植物耐旱性具有重要作用,并为利用外源物质提高植物抗逆性提供一定的科学依据。