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排序方式: 共有950条查询结果,搜索用时 234 毫秒
41.
This study was conducted to help provide a framework for Australian regulation of shrimp farm siting and discharges. Monitoring of farm water usage, and intake and discharge water quality was conducted at three commercial intensive shrimp farms, chosen to represent different operating environments, latitudes, cultured species and management styles. Weekly samples were taken over 3 years, for 3–12 months at each farm, to investigate intake and discharge concentrations and loads of total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). Mean water exchange was 1.4 ML ha?1 day?1 (about 10% day?1) at the first farm studied and 0.5 ML ha?1 day?1 (about 3.6% day?1) at the others. Farm mean discharge concentration varied as follows: TSS, from 36.9 to 119 mg L?1; TN, from 2.1 to 3.1 mg L?1 and TP, from 0.22 to 0.28 mg L?1. Farm mean intake concentrations were from 11% to 91% of equivalent mean discharge concentration (for TN at Farm B and TSS at Farm C respectively). Mean net discharge loads, related to area of production ponds at each farm, varied as follows: TSS, from 4.8 to 85.7 kg ha?1 day?1; TN, from 1 to 1.8 kg ha?1 day?1 and TP, from 0.11 to 0.22 kg ha?1 day?1. The highest net loads of TSS, TN and TP were all from the farm with the highest water exchange rate, located on a coastal river, and studied during a year of high rainfall with associated poor water quality. These results can be used to help predict likely discharge characteristics for new shrimp farms, and provide a benchmark against which to evaluate future improvements in shrimp farm environmental management. 相似文献
42.
M. Brunke 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2002,12(6):583-599
- 1. The fifth‐order southern alpine Brenno River and its floodplains are severely impaired by embankments, water abstractions and the construction of dams for hydropower generation. The river's annual mean discharge is reduced to 27% of the natural flow and the number of small (50–100 m3 s?1) and medium‐sized (101–150 m3 s?1) floods is reduced significantly.
- 2. Lateral hydrological connectivity has decreased strongly as a result of the flow regulation, whereas the significance of vertical connectivity has increased. The remnants of the middle and lower floodplains still contain springbrooks, ponds, and intermittently connected channels, which are all sustained by emerging groundwater.
- 3. Aquatic floodplain habitats can be classified partially by faunal composition. The lotic/lentic gradient appears to be a dominant compound factor structuring invertebrate assemblages when considering all aquatic habitats. The exfiltration of groundwater in conjunction with a reduced lateral connectivity enables the occurrence of many stenotopic species.
- 4. A comparison of present floodplains with those shown on historical maps shows that the fluvial landscape has changed markedly. The proportions of functional floodplain units characterized by autogenic succession and trends to late successional stages (i.e. senescence) have increased.
- 5. Floodplains of the Brenno river are still considered to represent important ecological areas and they are protected by law. Whilst the legislative protection of floodplains is the basis for conservation, this does not include the restoration of driving hydrological processes. An annual release of small‐ and medium‐sized floods could generate a diversity of disturbances, thereby promoting rejuvenation and counteracting senescence.
- 6. Alternative conservation options that circumvent ongoing contracts of water use, though generally promising, are limited because of the operation of hydropower schemes. At present the exfiltrations of groundwater mitigate the impacts of flow regulation on the ecological integrity of the floodplains.
43.
中国畜禽温室气体排放量估算 总被引:26,自引:2,他引:24
为探明中国畜禽温室气体排放量及其趋势,该研究在政府间气候变化专家委员会(IPCC,2006)最新公布的畜禽温室气体排放系数和计算方法的基础上,结合中国畜牧业发展实际,估算了全国2000-2007年和各省区2007年畜禽温室气体的排放量。结果表明,全国年平均排放甲烷总量1 002.7万t,氧化亚氮总量57.7万t;2000-2007年期间全国畜禽温室气体排放量总体呈下降的趋势,黄牛甲烷排放量最大,生猪氧化亚氮排放量最大;各省区畜禽温室气体排放量呈现区域集中特点,居前2位的是四川省和河南省。要减少中国畜禽温室 相似文献
44.
新疆砾石地葡萄滴灌带合理设计及布设参数的数值分析 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
为了摸清新疆含砾石复杂土壤条件下土壤水分运动规律,优化葡萄滴灌系统设计中的各项设计参数及合理布设,该文通过田间交汇试验确定合适的滴头间距为30 cm,并借助Hydrus-2D数值模型确定了土壤水力参数,同时运用该数值模型模拟了不同滴头流量和滴灌带水平间距布设形式下地表滴灌土壤水分分布特征。根据土壤湿润体特征结合葡萄根系分布规律,确定新疆砾石地葡萄滴灌系统合理的滴头流量为2.5~3.0 L/h,滴灌带水平间距为60 cm。该结果可为新疆砾石地复杂土壤葡萄滴灌系统的科学设计和田间合理布设提供参考。 相似文献
45.
A long-term experiment of minimal and zero tillages was carried out on the sandy loam soil from 1985~1996. The results showed that the yields of minimal tillaged rice and wheat were similar to those by conventional tillage. Zero-tillaged wheat yield increased by 5.3% on average, while the zero-tillaged rice yield reduced by 2. 2%. The yields under long-term minimal and zero tillages showed no obvious temporal trend. After five years of the experiment, the soil organic matter contents were in steady state under different tillages, but its distributions in soil layers were different markedly and the richness in upper layer was observed under minimal and zero tillages, with the richness coefficients of 1. 1140 and 1. 1608, on 7-year average ,respectively. The bulk densities among different tillages were insignificantly different in soil layers of 0~7cm and 14~21cm. In the soil layer of 7~14cm,the bulk densities under conventional, minimal and zero tillages were 1.348,1.412 and 1. 410 g/cm3 respectively, minimal and zero tillages resulted in obvious increases in the bulk density. 相似文献
46.
在有压管路供水时,为了节约用水,合理分配,往往要进行水的量测。利用比阻测算管路流量是一种测量简单、计算方便的测量方法。 相似文献
47.
经过10多年的科学研究,我国在微灌设备研制方面取得了一定进展,先后生产试制了微灌用聚乙烯管材与管件,研制出了一批灌水器和过滤、施肥装置,促进了微灌技术的推广运用。对微管灌水器进行的系列化研究,降低了工程造价,提高了灌水质量。 相似文献
48.
Effect of culture system on the nutrition and growth performance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) fed different diets 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
A.G.J. TACON J.J. CODY L.D. CONQUEST S. DIVAKARAN I.P. FORSTER & O.E. DECAMP 《Aquaculture Nutrition》2002,8(2):121-137
Two 8-week feeding trials were conducted with juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) to compare the growth and performance of animals fed a series of experimental and commercial pelleted shrimp and fish feeds and dietary feeding regimes within an indoor running-water culture system and an outdoor zero-water-exchange culture system. The best overall shrimp growth performance was observed for animals fed the experimental shrimp diet and all-day feeding regime under outdoor zero-water-exchange culture conditions. Final body weight and average weekly growth rate under these conditions were 2.8 and 3.4 times greater, respectively, than animals of similar size fed with the same diet under indoor running-water culture conditions. Although direct comparison between indoor and outdoor culture systems is difficult because of the lower indoor water temperatures, and consequently lower mean daily feed intake of animals, it is believed that the higher growth and feed performance of animals reared under outdoor `green-water' culture conditions was primarily due to their ability to obtain additional nutrients from food organisms endogenously produced within the zero-water-exchange culture system. The most promising features of zero-water-exchange culture systems are that they offer increased biosecurity, reduced feed costs and water use for the farmer, and by doing so provide a potential avenue of moving the shrimp culture industry along a path of greater sustainability and environmental compatibility. 相似文献
49.
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