Volatile fatty acid profile for grass hay or alfalfa hay fed to alpacas (Vicugna pacos)

The purpose of this study was to determine the diurnal composition and concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and to determine VFA composition and concentration differences between stomach compartment 1 (C1) and caecum of alpacas fed grass and alfalfa hay. The study was divided into two experiments. In Experiment 1 (EXP 1), 10 male alpacas (3+ years old, 65 kg BW) were divided into two groups, housed in drylot pens, provided ad libitum water and fed alfalfa (AH) or grass hay (GH) for 30 days. The alpacas were slaughtered and the digestive tract collected, divided into sub‐tract sections, weighed and digesta sampled for pH, dry matter (DM) and NDF. Volatile fatty acid composition and concentration were determined on C1 and caecal material. Four adult male (3+ years old, 60 kg BW), C1 fistulated alpacas were housed in metabolism crates and divided into two forage groups for Experiment 2 (EXP 2). Alpacas were fed the forages as in EXP 1. Diurnal C1 VFA samples were drawn at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 h post‐feeding. There were no differences between forages for tract weight, C1 and caecum digesta DM or NDF. Differences were noted (p < 0.05) for pH between forages and sub‐tract site. Volatile fatty acids concentrations were different (p < 0.05) for forage and site, and total VFA was higher for AH than GH (110.6 and 79.1 mm ) and C1 than caecum (40.7 and 27.6 mm ). Proportion of VFA was significant (p < 0.05) for forage and site, C1 acetate highest for GH (84.8 vs. 74.0 mm ) and caecum acetate 83.7 and 76.2 mm for GH and AH respectively. These data demonstrate the level of VFA produced in C1 and the caecum of alpacas and the diurnal VFA patterns. Composition of VFA is similar to other ruminant species.     

兽用“复方草连”纳米注射液的制备及其退热作用初探

为了研发新型兽用纳米注射液,发挥中药独特优势,采用双提法提取中草药得到挥发油与水溶性药液,将挥发油以纳米胶束的形式增溶于水溶性药液中,再经精制、灌装、灭菌等步骤制备成“复方草连”纳米注射液。挥发油纳米胶束的外观为圆球形,粒径为100＋12nm,表面Zet。电位为～83．2±0．8mV;样品于40±2℃条件下放置,其第6个月与0个月的气相色谱图基本一致,表明纳米胶束对于挥发油具有良好的稳定作用。初步结果表明“复方草连”纳米注射液与安乃近注射液均能降低患猪的体温,二者之间无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,但“复方草连”纳米注射液组患猪的外周血液T细胞亚群CD3＋、CD4＋含量（28．59±5．53％）高于安乃近组（18．43±4．18％）．二者之间有显著差异（P〈0．05）。     

薄荷和留兰香香气成分的分析与比较

为研究薄荷(Mentha haplocalyx)、留兰香(M.Spicata)两种唇形科薄荷属植物的香气成分,采用动态顶空法采集两种植物释放的香气后,利用自动热脱附-气相色谱/质量色谱联用技术(ATD-GC/MS)对香气成分进行了鉴定。结果表明,在薄荷香气中鉴定出44种成分,远高于留兰香的26种。这些物质分别属于萜烯、醛、酮、脂肪烃、酯、醇、苯形烃,及其他类物质。且留兰香香气释放量则显著高于薄荷,约为薄荷的1.6倍。在两种植物的香气中,萜烯类化合物数量和释放量均为最高,是香气的主要组成种类。d-柠檬烯和2-乙基-1-己醇在薄荷和留兰香中均表现出较高的释放量,可初步推断它们是薄荷、留兰香香气的主要成分。     

不同提取方法对紫苏叶挥发性成分的影响

[目的]利用不同方法提取紫苏叶中挥发性成分,为紫苏叶的综合利用提供参考.[方法]分别采用动态逆流提取法、微波提取法和超声波提取法提取紫苏叶中的挥发性成分,并结合GC-MS分析和三角评价进行对比分析.[结果]动态逆流提取法共检测17种紫苏叶挥发性成分,集中在后阶段出峰,主要是沸点相对较高的难挥发性成分;微波提取法共检测19种紫苏叶挥发性成分,其出峰时间集中在中间阶段,主要是中等挥发性成分;超声波提取法共检测25种紫苏叶挥发性成分,其出峰时间比较靠前,主要是易挥发的小分子化学成分.3种紫苏叶提取物香气类型基本一致,但超声波提取物香气强度要明显优于其他两种方法.[结论]超声波提取技术更适合于紫苏叶易挥发性成分的提取.     

不同晒烟和烤烟理化特性与中性致香物质的对比分析

[目的]系统了解国内规模化种植晒烟与烤烟的理化特性和香气特点,为卷烟企业开发研制具有独特品牌风格及低焦油中式卷烟提供参考依据.[方法]以湖南宁乡、云南保山、广西贺州等地规模化种植的晒烟与云南昆明烤烟、美国烤烟为材料,对比分析不同产地及类型烟草中部烟叶样品的填充值、化学成分、香韵特征及中性致香物质等.[结果]晒烟的填充值普遍高于烤烟,以云南保山晒烟肯那的填充值最高,为5.88 cm3/g,云南昆明烤烟的最低,为2.99cm3/g.不同产地晒烟与烤烟的化学成分差异较大,从而造成其感官品质差异较大.湖南宁乡晒烟的焦香、木香香韵较突出,云南保山晒烟的甜香香韵较突出,广西贺州晒烟的树脂香、坚果香香韵较突出,美国烤烟的干草香、焦香香韵较突出,云南昆明烤烟的清香、甜香香韵较突出.6个烟叶样品中共检出40种中性致香成分,其中酮类物质比例最高,有23种,其次为醛类,有7种;多重比较分析结果表明,有36种中性致香成分的含量差异达显著水平（P＜0.05）.[结论]不同晒烟和烤烟的理化特性和中性致香物质含量差异较大,且各具特点,卷烟企业可根据自己的需求,通过合理配比获得适合中式卷烟开发与生产的原材料.其中,湖南宁乡晒烟适合添加应用于高品质卷烟;云南保山晒烟在低焦油、低危害卷烟开发研究中有很好的应用价值;广西贺州晒烟既可在混合型卷烟中使用,又可在烤烟叶组配方中适当应用.     

次黄嘌呤生物传感器检测鱼类新鲜度之研究

检测鱼类新鲜度的常规方法是测定其总挥发性盐基氮（ＴＶＢ－Ｎ）或细菌菌落总数，手续繁琐且代价较高，本文提出的方法是一种新颖的快速检测法。实验表明，在鱼的腐败过程中，总挥发性盐基氮（ＴＶＢ－Ｎ，国标）、细菌落落总数和次黄嘌呤（Ｈｘ）的量之间皆存在着良好的相关性。因此，鱼腐烂而累积于组织的次黄嘌呤量可以指示鱼类的新鲜度，生物传感器快速检测法将取代现有的常规手段。     

海南高良姜挥发油GC-MS指纹图谱分析

建立了海南产高良姜挥发油的GC-MS指纹图谱,对其中20个特征化合物进行了精密度、稳定性和重复性分析。结果表明,高良姜挥发油中检测到了110个成分,其中20个特征成分的精密度、稳定性和重复性良好。该方法简单可靠,可应用于高良姜的品质评价。     

Effect of muscle type and vacuum chiller ageing period on the chemical compositions,meat quality,sensory attributes and volatile compounds of Korean native cattle beef

The present study demonstrates the effects of different muscle types and chiller ageing periods on the chemical composition, meat quality parameters, sensory characteristics and volatile compounds of Karean native cattle beed. Longissimus dorsi (LD) and Semitendinosus (ST) muscles aged for 7 days and 28 days were used. Moisture, cooking loss, total collagen and Warner‐Bratzler shear force (WBSF) values for the ST were higher than the LD muscle regardless of ageing period (P < 0.05). The LD muscle had higher intramuscular fat (IMF) (P < 0.05). Ageing for 28 days decreased WBSF values whereas it increased thiobarbituric acid of both muscles. Moreover, tenderness, juiciness and flavor scores were significantly higher for the LD muscle at both ageing periods. Increased ageing time improved tenderness of both muscles, and increased juiciness of the LD muscle, whereas there was decreased flavor score of ST muscle (P < 0.05). The majority of the volatile compounds formed from the oxidation of lipids showed differences between the two muscles. Ageing for 28 days increased in the amounts of many volatile compounds; however, the amounts of some important volatile compounds were decreased. These results clearly demonstrate that muscle type and ageing have a potential effect on meat quality, sensory characteristics and volatile profile.     

气调包装协同低温等离子体杀菌对狮子头保鲜效果的影响

为探究气调包装协同低温等离子体处理对狮子头品质及货架期的影响,本研究设置对照组(普通彩袋包装)、气调包装组(40%CO₂+60%N₂)以及气调包装协同不同处理时间的低温等离子体组(MAP-3 min、MAP-6 min、MAP-9 min),通过菌落总数、挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)、硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)、感官评定及挥发性有机化合物等指标综合评价狮子头的贮藏品质。结果表明,气调包装协同低温等离子体处理使狮子头的初始微生物数量降低0.70~1.56 log CFU·g^-1,能有效减缓狮子头贮藏过程中TVB-N值的增加及脂质氧化。经低温等离子体处理后的新鲜狮子头中庚醇、1-己醇、1-丙醇、2-癸酮及壬酸等挥发性有机化合物增加。2-己酮、2-丁酮、苯乙烯、2-甲基吡嗪及八甲基三硅氧烷等挥发性有机化合物可能是狮子头腐败气味的主要成分。与对照组及其他处理组相比,MAP-6 min和MAP-9 min处理均可将狮子头货架期延长7 d,MAP-6 min和MAP-9 min 2组狮子头在贮藏7 d后微生物及TVB-N、TBARS等品质指标无显著差异。综合各项指标及能源成本,40%CO₂+60%N₂气调包装协同低温等离子体处理6 min可以在显著抑制微生物生长的同时保持狮子头的品质,将产品货架期延长至14 d。本研究结果为中式调理类肉丸制品新型保鲜技术的发展提供了理论参考。     

产脂肪酶乳酸菌对新疆传统奶酪脂肪酸及风味的影响

为了改善奶酪品质,奶酪生产过程中通常会添加脂肪酶或者产脂肪酶乳酸菌来提升产品品质。该研究以前期筛选的4株高产脂肪酶乳酸菌为发酵剂,分别随机选取3株乳酸菌复配制作酸凝奶酪。试验组：A组T1-5和T1-3属融合魏斯氏菌（Weissella confusa）、H1-6属瑞士乳杆菌（Lactobacillus helveticus）,B组H1-6、T1-5、B2-5属植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）,C组H1-6、T1-3、B2-5,D组T1-3、T1-5、B2-5,对照组（E组）（添加商业发酵剂）,分析发酵剂对传统奶酪pH值、滴定酸度和脂肪氧化情况的影响,并利用气相色谱法（Gas Chromatography,GC）检测奶酪中脂肪酸变化、利用气相色谱-离子迁移谱（Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Chromatography,GC-IMS）分析奶酪中风味物质的变化。结果表明：A,B,C,D组4组奶酪的pH值、过氧化值（Peroxide value,POV值）明显低于E组（对照组）（P < 0.05）,A,B组奶酪滴定酸度比对照E组高（P < 0.05）;A,B,C,D组奶酪中饱和脂肪酸（Saturated Fatty Acids,SFA）含量、单不饱和脂肪酸（Monounsaturated Fatty Acids,MUFA）含量和多不饱和脂肪酸（Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids,PUFA）含量均显著高于E组（P < 0.05）;4个试验组样品中亚油酸（C18∶2n6c）含量明显高于对照组（E组）（P < 0.05）。GC-IMS及主成分分析结果显示,A、B组奶酪挥发性风味物质种类多,且相似度较高,其中2-庚酮、丁醛、乙酸丁酯是主要呈味物质;C、E两组奶酪中风味物质比较相似,风味物质主要以乙酸乙酯、乙酸丙酯、己酸乙酯等酯类为主;D组与其他4组有所差异,主要挥发性风味物质为乙酸丁酯、3-辛酮、庚醛等。结合感官评定,A、B两组奶酪整体风味和口感较好,评分较高。筛选得到的产脂肪酶乳酸菌可以作为发酵剂用于提升新疆传统奶酪品质。