具二次脉冲效应的单种群动力学模型分析

讨论了一类具脉冲出生与脉冲收获及脉冲投放的单种群动力学模型,利用离散动力系统频闪映射理论,得到了一个生物资源管理控制值的充分条件.     

Cost structure of and competition for forest-based biomass

Abstract

Biomass has become a popular alternative to satisfy expanding energy demand and as a substitute for fossil fuels and phased-out nuclear energy in Europe. The European Union White Paper stipulates that the utilization of biomass shall increase to 1566 TWh by 2010. However it is often overlooked that the forest resources are already, to a large extent, used by the forest industries. When promoting biomass for energy generation the consequences for the forest industries also need to be considered. Sweden is an excellent case study, as there are vast quantities of forest resources, nuclear power is starting to be phased out, there are restrictions on expanding hydropower and the political desire exists to “set an example” with respect to carbon dioxide emissions. This paper attempts to estimate and analyse the supply of two types of forest resource, namely, roundwood and harvesting residues derived from final harvesting and commercial thinnings. Two separate supply curves are estimated: one for roundwood and one for harvesting residues. The cost structure is based on an economic-engineering approach where the separate cost components are constructed from the lowest cost element into aggregates for labour, capital, materials and overhead costs for each forest resource. The results indicate an unutilized economic supply of 12 TWh of harvesting residues in Sweden. However, after these 12 TWh have been recovered it becomes more profitable to use roundwood for energy purposes than to continue extracting further amounts of harvesting residues.     

基于土壤液化原理的荸荠采收船的研究

荸荠的生长环境特殊，收获仍旧采用传统手工挖掘，劳动效率低，劳动强度大，难以挖净，而薯类收获机械又难以适应水田荸荠的收获，通过对荸荠生长地的土壤成分分析，基于土壤液化原理，搭建了小型实验平台，对荸荠挖掘机理进行了试验模拟。提出了一套适用于水田作物荸荠机械挖掘、筛分的流程，并对挖掘原理进行了实验探究。根据实验数据分析，获得了影响荸荠收获的主要因素。研究表明利用土壤液化原理可以使砂壤土液化，为该原理用于荸荠采收提供依据，为荸荠挖掘机样机的试制提供设计参考。     

铁路货车电能收集装置的机械结构设计

针对转K6型转向架,设计了一种适用于铁路货车的低成本、利用自身能量发电,满足铁路货车低功率用电需求的供电装置。此装置利用滚珠丝杠将悬挂系统的上下振动转变为发电机转子的旋转。通过分析弹簧中的空间以及货车运行过程中的振动情况,设计了滚珠丝杠、外壳等零件,并通过SolidWorks软件对装置进行了仿真。     

现代电子称重技术发展对森林收获计测的影响

回顾森林收获计测技术的发展历史,分析现代电子称量技术的发展应用前景,指出木材及木制品以体积计量计价的局限性和以重量计量计价的优势,认为当前一些木材市场上出现的买卖双方以重量而不是以材积计量计价现象有其历史必然性。基于以重量计量计价更为客观、准确、快捷、高效,并大幅降低成本的优势,其在纸浆等工业原料林经营、林业碳汇贸易等方面具有广泛应用潜力。     

集雨栽培冬小麦田土壤水分和矿质氮

在半湿润易旱地区的关中红油土上,研究了垄上覆膜集雨栽培措施对冬小麦(Triticumaestivum)田土壤水分和矿质氮的影响。结果表明覆膜有一定的蓄水保墒效果,冬小麦返青期,0～40cm土壤贮水量覆膜处理比不覆膜处理平均多7.7mm;覆膜能使冬小麦在生长后期更有效地利用土壤深层贮水,在小麦成熟期,100～200cm土壤贮水量覆膜处理比未覆膜处理少23.8mm。覆膜有利于作物对氮肥的吸收利用,氮肥用量相同的处理,覆膜条件下的硝态氮浓度和矿质氮累积量低于不覆膜处理;施氮也可以明显增加土壤剖面中的硝态氮含量和矿质氮累积量。     

半干旱黄土丘陵区小流域横断面土壤水分生态特征

在半干旱地区甘肃榆中北部中连川流域取一横断面,根据地形部位与利用条件布设11个测点,用土钻法监测土壤水分剖面分布与动态,测深到5m。各立地条件年内4月到12月土壤水分动态趋势多样。流域横断面的土壤湿度均较低,2～5m平均值一般都小于10％,其中以坡地苜蓿与半阳坡柠条林地最干燥。该地区土壤干燥化层是普遍存在的,不仅存在于人工植被,也存在于天然植被。径流富集叠加可显著改善土壤水分状况,隔坡水平梯田是其重要途径。退耕还草中要考虑各类草地的比例、苜蓿种植的适宜规模及其持续性问题。     

Microphytic crusts,shrub patches and water harvesting in the Negev Desert: the Shikim system

Human-made contour banks are a central component of theShikim water harvesting system in Israels Negev Desert.Efficient water capture depends on the presence of a stable microphytic crustwhich directs surplus surface runoff into the banks where it is stored. We usedsimulated rainfall to examine the impact of soil surface disturbance on runoffand sediment transport, and the effect of this on the efficiency of resourcecapture within the Shikim system. Two disturbance regimes:1) removal of the microphytic crust only, and 2) removal of the crust and shrubpatches by cultivation, were compared with an undisturbed control. In theundisturbed state, 32% of rainfall was redistributed as runoff. This runoffpenetrated approximately 27% deeper under the shrub patches compared with themicrophytic crust. When the microphytic crust was destroyed by simulatedtrampling, the runoff coefficient declined to 13%, and there was no significantdifference in water penetration between shrub and crust patches. Completedestruction of the shrub hummocks and crust by cultivation resulted in adeclinein the runoff coefficient to 6%. The result of sustained disturbance in thesepatchy Negev shrublands is a breakdown in spatial heterogeneity, a loss ofecosystem function, a reduction in ecosystem goods and services such as plantdiversity and production, and ultimately a reduction in pastoral productivity.These results reinforce the view that microphytic crusts are critical for theefficient operation of the Shikim water harvesting system.Given that practices such as cultivation and trampling which disturbmicrophyticcrusts result in enhanced infiltration, crusts should be left intact tomaximisethe water harvesting efficiency in these desert landscapes.This revised version was published online in May 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

南果梨和苹果梨适宜采收期果实生理生化指标初探

针对鞍山海城地区的南果梨和沈阳苏家屯地区的苹果梨初果期和盛果期适宜采收期的生理生化指标进行了详细调查，结果表明：南果梨在海城地区初果期和盛果期最适采收期分别在9月20日、9月15日左右，一级果主要生理指标是：种子变黑指数分别是96．7、95．2，可溶性固形物是16．6％、16．1％，果实自然落果率分别是1．89％、1．26％。苹果梨在苏家屯地区初果期和盛果期最适采收期均在9月30日左右，一级果主要生理指标是：种子变黑指数分别是95．7、96．1，可溶性固形物分别是13．1％、13．4％，果实自然落果率分别是1．98％、2．38％。     

2TYB-450型水稻田间育秧播种机的设计

针对水稻田间育秧播种的要求，设计了同步驱动轮与机械振动排种相结合的2TYB 450型水稻田间育秧播种机，试验结果表明：以取秧面积为1.96 cm^2、3-7粒/取秧面积为合格时，播种合格率为66.2%，空穴率为3.8%；且排种稳定性较好，能够满足水稻田间育秧播种的农艺要求。