水氮控制对荒漠草原中小型土壤动物群落的影响

【目的】了解水氮控制对荒漠草原中小型土壤动物的影响,进而从土壤动物角度解读全球变化对荒漠草原的生态效应。【方法】2014年植物生长季,以内蒙古自治区乌兰察布市四子王旗短花针茅荒漠草原为研究对象,设置对照(CK,自然降雨状态)、减雨(R)、增雨(W)、施氮(N)、减雨施氮(R+N)和增雨施氮(WN)6个处理,观测不同处理中小型土壤动物群落和土壤环境参数的变化。【结果】短花针茅荒漠草原共捕获中小型土壤动物333 079.5只/m~2,隶属于节肢动物门的4纲10目47科,主要为弹尾纲(Collembola)、蛛形纲(Arachnida)和昆虫纲(Insecta);优势类群为疣虫兆科(Neanoridae)和等节科(Isotomidae),优势类群和常见类群构成了研究样地中小型土壤动物群落的主体。增雨、增雨施氮有助于提高短花针茅荒漠草原中小型土壤动物个体密度,减雨、减雨施氮处理减少中小型土壤动物个体密度,且水氮交互作用对中小型土壤动物个体密度影响表现显著,而对类群数无显著影响。短花针茅荒漠草原中小型土壤动物具有明显表聚性,各处理下0~10cm土层个体密度和类群数显著高于10~20cm土层(P0.05)。【结论】在未来降雨增加和氮沉降的全球变化背景下,中小型土壤动物个体密度的变化可能会更大。     

Comparative study of the intestinal microbial community of wild and cultured kaluga sturgeon,Huso dauricus

The kaluga, Huso dauricus (Georgi 1775), is a large‐sized semi‐anadromous sturgeon native to the Amur River basin. Gut microbes play an important role in the growth and development of fish. Because wild samples of this species are difficult to obtain, very few studies have analysed the microbial community of the kaluga gut. Here, we used high‐throughput sequencing to determine differences in the intestinal microbial communities of wild and cultured kaluga, to lay the foundation for development of micro‐ecological preparations that might ultimately assist with conserving wild kaluga by benefitting sturgeon aquaculture. Two 2‐year‐old (wild) fish collected from the Heilongjiang River basin were size‐ and age‐matched with two 2‐year‐old (cultured) fish obtained from a breeding base in Yunnan Province, for molecular analysis of gut samples. In total, 483,008 16S rRNA sequences were obtained. The intestinal microbial diversity was greater in the wild kaluga than in the cultured fish. The dominant phyla in the gut community of wild kaluga were Proteobacteria (47.9%), Fusobacteria (30.5%) and Firmicutes (8.85%), whereas samples from the cultured kaluga were dominated by Fusobacteria (78%). This result may be attributed to differences in environmental conditions, particularly water quality and temperature, as well as diet between the wild and cultured animals. The findings provide basic data to assist further research and the development of feed as a part of artificial breeding technology.     

沙质草地植物群落及土壤质地对补播和翻耕措施的响应

选取3个翻耕模式(深翻、浅翻及免耕),以未补播的原生沙质草地为对照(CK),分析不同模式下禾-豆混播草地土壤颗粒组成、植物群落结构特征及数量特征,研究退化沙质草地土壤质地及植物群落对翻耕和补播措施的响应。结果表明:深翻、浅翻、免耕及CK对应的草地群落物种丰富度分别为9、9、5种和8种,机械扰动和补播牧草降低了游击型克隆植物的繁殖与扩展能力,提高了补播牧草在群落中的优势度,深翻处理下多年生禾本科及豆科牧草优势度最为明显,翻耕及补播后草地植物群落物种多样性和均匀度明显增大,生态优势度与物种多样性变化趋势正好相反,其中浅翻处理下补播草地群落物种多样性和均匀度最高,游击型克隆植物提高了原生草地生态优势度;补播草地群落地上生物量大小表现为:深翻(348.39 g·m~(-2))浅翻(285.77 g·m~(-2))免耕(242.08 g·m~(-2))CK(141.83 g·m~(-2)),且与原生草地存在极显著性差异(P0.01);补播草地土壤颗粒组成主要以50~250μm的细沙粒为主,深翻、浅翻及补播牧草显著提高了0~20 cm土层土壤黏粉粒含量和土壤颗粒体积分形维数(P0.01),土壤质地改善效果明显,土壤整体稳定性明显提高。     

Physical forcing on fish abundance in the southern California Current System

The California Current System (CCS) is an eastern boundary current system with strong biological productivity largely due to seasonal wind‐driven upwelling and transport of the California Current (CC). Two independent, yet complementary time series, CalCOFI ichthyoplankton surveys and sampling of southern California power plant cooling‐water intakes, have indicated that an assemblage of predominantly cool‐water affinity fishes spanning nearshore to oceanic environments in the southern CCS has declined dramatically from the 1970s to the 2000s. We examined potential oceanographic drivers behind this decline both within and north of the CalCOFI survey area in order to capture upstream processes as well. Empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analyses using output from a data‐assimilative regional ocean model revealed significant relationships between the fish time series and spatial patterns of upwelling, upper ocean heat content and eddy kinetic energy in the CCS. Correlation and linear regression analyses indicated that the declining trend in fish abundance was correlated with a suite of factors: reduced offshore and increased inshore upwelling; a long term warming trend combined with more recent interannual variability in ocean temperature; weaker eddy kinetic energy north of Point Conception (35°N), potentially indicating reduced transport of the California Current (CC); increased influence of the California Undercurrent (CUC); and a decline in zooplankton displacement volume across the southern CCS. Understanding how changes in oceanography affect fish populations will offer insights into managing fisheries in a changing climate.     

生物有机肥对苹果幼苗生长、生理特性以及土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

为明确生物有机肥不同施入量对苹果幼苗长势及根际土壤微生物功能多样性的影响,以1年生'烟富8号'苹果幼苗为试验材料,采用盆栽试验,设置4个处理,即鸡粪CK[35 g/(kg·土)]、生物有机肥T1[23.3 g/(kg·土)]、T2[35 g/(kg·土)]及T3 [70 g/(kg·土)].结果 表明,生物有机肥增加苹...     

兼性互利关系对树冠层活动蚂蚁多样性的影响

[目的]为了探讨紫胶-蚂蚁兼性互利关系对生物多样性保护的作用效果,[方法]于2015年5月和9月,用树栖蚂蚁诱集陷阱在云南省墨江县雅邑镇调查了紫胶-砂仁混合农林系统(样地Ⅰ,从未放过紫胶虫;样地Ⅱ,3年前曾放过紫胶虫但本次实验不放虫;样地Ⅲ,放紫胶虫处理)中钝叶黄檀树冠层活动的蚂蚁群落多样性。[结果](1)样地Ⅰ中采集蚂蚁标本277头,隶属于5亚科11属14种;样地Ⅱ中蚂蚁标本324头,隶属于5亚科12属16种;样地Ⅲ中蚂蚁标本885头,隶属于4亚科17属22种。(2)样地Ⅱ和样地Ⅲ间的物种丰富度差异不显著,而与样地Ⅰ均差异显著;3种样地的相对多度间均差异显著;物种丰富度和相对多度排序均为ⅢⅡⅠ。(3)样地Ⅱ和Ⅲ树冠层蚂蚁群落结构较相似,二者与样地Ⅰ不相似;黑可可臭蚁和平和弓背蚁为3种类型样地中均出现的特征种,物种丰富度排序均为ⅢⅡⅠ,巴瑞弓背蚁是样地Ⅱ和Ⅲ中的特征种,物种丰富度ⅢⅡ,大头蚁属sp.1、横纹齿猛蚁和中华小家蚁则分别为样地Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ的特征种。[结论]兼性互利关系对树冠层蚂蚁群落的物种丰富度、相对多度和群落结构具有积极影响,并且其作用效果具有一定的时间和空间尺度。     

不同配方双孢蘑菇栽培期培养料理化性状和细菌群落分析

为了对北京地区的秸秆资源进行循环利用,将其应用于双孢蘑菇栽培领域作为生产资源。在传统双孢蘑菇麦草配方的基础上,分别添加玉米秸、菇渣代替部分麦草,以干燥称重法、凯氏定氮法、灼烧重量法等对3个不同配方双孢蘑菇栽培期培养料的理化性状进行分析,以DGGE技术分析细菌群落特征。添加玉米秸、菇渣后,培养料的含水量、含碳量有所提高;培养料的含氮量越高其产量也越高,产量高低依次为传统麦草配方>玉米秸配方>菇渣配方。不同配方栽培时期共有的优势菌有高温单孢菌属(Thermomonospora sp.)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)、微小杆菌属(Microvirga sp.);在原基形成时不可培养细菌(b13)占有绝对优势,可能与原基形成有关;全麦草配方的细菌群落演替最慢。传统麦草配方具有良好的理化性状和稳定的细菌群落,玉米秸、菇渣代替部分麦草的配方仍需进一步优化。     

Crop type and altitude are the main drivers of species composition of arable weed vegetation in Tajikistan

The influence of broad‐scale environmental factors on the species composition of segetal weed communities in Tajikistan was investigated. The research was conducted throughout the country, analysing plots of root crops as well as cereals from all phytogeographical regions of Tajikistan, with the exception of the eastern Pamir. The study was based on 440 phytosociological relevées sampled between 2009 and 2013 and analysed using direct and indirect ordinations. A set of environmental variables was obtained for each plot: altitude, mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperature, pH, crop type, longitude, latitude and date of sampling (seasonality). Crop type was the major factor determining species composition, which was related to the different farming practices in roots and cereals. Major changes in weed species composition were also driven by altitude and correlated temperatures. The seasonality of weed communities also had a considerable effect on weed community structure. Samples from spring differed significantly from samples from summer and late summer. Only longitude and soil pH were found to be insignificant. The complete set of environmental variables used in a canonical correspondence analysis explained 8.3% of the species variation in sampled plots. The study showed that despite the very diverse climatic conditions and low intensity of agriculture in Tajikistan, agrocoenoses respond mainly to the type of cultivation practised in arable land.     

脱脂蚕蛹替代日粮中鱼粉对建鲤肠道菌群的影响

利用免培养的16S rDNA梯度凝胶电泳技术(DGGE)研究脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉对建鲤(Cyprinus carpio var. jian)肠道菌群的影响。6个饲养组分别饲喂6种等氮等能饲料, 分别为含10%鱼粉的基础饲料、3种替代饲料(脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉蛋白, 替代水平分别为25%、50%和75%)及2组分别在50%和75%替代基础上分别再添加0.6%和0.7%晶体赖氨酸的饲料 (分别记为DSP0、DSP25、DSP50、DSP50-Lys、DSP75、DSP75-Lys)。饲养结束后采集肠道样品, 分析建立指纹图谱, DSP0、DSP25、DSP50、DSP50-Lys、DSP75、DSP75-Lys组分别产生了19、15、11、12、8和12条可鉴别条带, 各组均存在优势种群条带。DSP0和其他各组(DSP25、DSP50、DSP50-Lys、DSP75、DSP75-Lys)的相似性指数为50.7%、50.6%、69.0%、42.4%、66.7%。对PCR-DGGE指纹图谱主要条带进一步回收、克隆和测序, 共得到19条序列, 将得到的序列在NCBI数据库中进行同源分析, 发现建鲤肠道菌群归为芽孢杆菌纲、螺旋体纲、β-变形菌纲、梭菌纲、放线菌纲、γ-变形菌纲、蓝藻纲、拟杆菌纲、梭杆菌纲等, 大部分为不可培养细菌。研究发现, 脱脂蚕蛹替代鱼粉对建鲤肠道菌群组成产生显著影响, 随着脱脂蚕蛹替代水平的提高, 肠道菌群多样性下降, 细菌种类从19种锐减至8种, 而饲料中补充赖氨酸可减弱这种影响, 本研究可为蚕蛹在鲤配合饲料中的开发应用提供参考资料。

     

放牧对赖草群落生物量及植物多样性的影响

通过对围封5年与自由放牧的赖草（Leymus secalinus）群落进行整个生长季的生物量和物种多样性动态观测,旨在了解放牧对赖草群落的影响。结果表明：整个生长季围栏内外赖草始终占据主导地位,放牧样地物种丰富度指数显著高于围封样地（P<0.05）,多样性指数和均匀度指数在不同时期变化趋势不同;赖草群落地上生物量、高度、盖度、物种丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度指数在整个生长季均表现为先增加后降低,放牧显著降低群落地上生物量（P<0.05）,在整个生长季放牧使群落盖度平均降低31.82%,群落高度平均降低36.37 cm;围封样地群落地下生物量在7月和9月出现2个峰值,分别为4148.4 和4359.27 g·m^-2,放牧样地地下生物量在8月达到最大,为2559.28 g·m^-2;群落地下生物量随土层深度的增加所占比例逐渐减小,其中围封和放牧样地0~30 cm土层所占比例分别为75.64%和77.37%。适度放牧有利于促进赖草群落的物种多样性,不合理放牧降低草地植物群落的盖度、高度和生物量,因此围栏封育能够促进赖草草地的稳定和可持续发展。